CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 241Gender Studies in LanguageGender and Feminist StudiesGender, Sexuality, and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001

Haig, David·2004·Archives of Sexual Behavior
DOI 10.1023/b:aseb.0000014323.56281.0d
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

More than 30 million titles of "academic" articles, from the years 1945-2001, were surveyed for occurrences of the words sex and gender. At the beginning of this period, uses of gender were much rarer than uses of sex, and often used in the sense of a grammatical category. By the end of this period, uses of gender outnumbered uses of sex in the social sciences, arts, and humanities. Within the natural sciences, there was now more than 1 use of gender for every 2 uses of sex. The beginnings of this change in usage can be traced to Money's introduction of the concept of "gender role" in 1955 (J. Money, 1955). However, the major expansion in the use of gender followed its adoption by feminists to distinguish the social and cultural aspects of differences between men and women (gender) from biological differences (sex). Since then, the use of gender has tended to expand to encompass the biological, and a sex/gender distinction is now only fitfully observed.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/b:aseb.0000014323.56281.0d

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 69 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Eliot, G. (1860).The mill on the floss. Edinburgh: Blackwood.
  2. Gould, M., & Kern-Daniels, R. (1977). Toward a sociological theory of gender and sex.American Sociologist, 12, 182-189.
  3. Kessler, D. A. (1993). Guideline for the study and evaluation of gender differences in the clinical evaluation of drugs.Federal Register, 58(139), 39406-39416.
  4. Millett, K. (1970).Sexual politics. New York: Doubleday.
  5. Money, J. (1986).Venuses/penuses. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.
  6. Money, J. (1995).Gendermaps. New York: Continuum.
  7. Money, J. (1996). Preface. In J. Money & A. A. Ehrhardt,Man and woman, boy and girl. Gender identity from conception to maturity. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. (Original work published 1972)
  8. Oakley, A. (1972).Sex, gender, and society. New York: Harper Colophon.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 241

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Haig, D.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Haig, David
ORCID
Haig, David
Venue
Archives of Sexual Behavior
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2004-04
Volume
33
Issue
2
Pages
87-96
ISSN
  • 0004-0002 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2800
DOI
10.1023/b:aseb.0000014323.56281.0d
OpenAlex
W2005725500
Cited by
241
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI
6.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Archives of Sexual Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
Keywords
gender, sex, academic titles, language change, feminist theory, gender roles, biological sex, gender construction, history of gender concepts
MeSH terms
Cultural Characteristics, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Terminology as Topic, Sex, Sexual Behavior, Social Perception, Time Factors, United States, Journalism, Medical, History, 20th Century

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1023/b:aseb.0000014323.56281.0d
The paper
Haig, D. (2004). The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1023/b%3Aaseb.0000014323.56281.0d