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Metabolic oxidation/reduction reactions and cellular responses to ionizing radiation: A unifying concept in stress response biology
Abstract
Exposure of eukaryotic cells to ionizing radiation (IR) results in the immediate formation of free radicals that last a matter of milliseconds. It has been assumed that the subsequent alterations in multiple intracellular processes following irradiation is due to the initial oxidative damage caused by these free radicals. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that intracellular metabolic oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions can be affected by this initial IR-induced free radical insult and may remain perturbed for minutes, hours, or days. It would seem logical that these cellular redox reactions might contribute to the activation of protective or damaging processes that could impact upon the damaging effects of IR. These processes include redox sensitive signaling pathways, transcription factor activation, gene expression, and metabolic activities that govern the formation of intracellular oxidants and reductants. The physiological manifestations of these radiation-induced alterations in redox sensitive processes have been suggested to contribute to adaptive responses, bystander effects, cell cycle perturbations, cytotoxicity, heat-induced radiosensitization, genomic instability, inflammation, and fibrosis. While a great deal is known about the molecular changes associated with the initial production of free radicals at the time of irradiation, the contribution of perturbations in redox sensitive metabolic processes to biological outcomes following exposure to IR is only recently becoming established. This review will focus on evidence supporting the concept that perturbations in intracellular metabolic oxidation/reduction reactions contribute to the biological effects of radiation exposure as well as new concepts emerging from the field of free radical biology that may be relevant to future studies in radiobiology.
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“The generation of ROS is also an important mediator of the cellular alterations caused by radiation exposure (Diehn et al., 2009; Sonis, 2009; Spitz et al., 2004), including mucositis (Citrin et al., 2010; Cotrim et al., 2007; Cotrim et al., 2005).”
From mTOR inhibition prevents epithelial stem cell senescence and protects from radiation-induced mucositis (2012) · cites this paper as Spitz et al., 2004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Spitz, D. R., Azzam, E. I., Jian Li, J., & Gius, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spitz, Douglas R.
- Venue
- Cancer and Metastasis Reviews
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 311-322
- ISSN
- 0167-7659 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7233
- OpenAlex
- W2023627397
- Cited by
- 710
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer and Metastasis Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
- Keywords
- ionizing radiation, redox signaling, free radicals, radiation-induced oxidative damage, radiation adaptive response, bystander effect, cell cycle disruption, radiosensitization, genomic instability, inflammation, fibrosis, transcription factor activation, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Communication, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Radiation, Ionizing, Signal Transduction, Oxidative Stress, Genomic Instability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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