The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 51 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form (YSQ-S3): Psychometric Properties and Association With Personality Disorders in a Danish Mixed Sample
Abstract
Abstract. Early Maladaptive Schemas, as measured with the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), are proposed to underlie a variety of mental health problems, in particular Personality Disorders. The latest short version of the instrument measuring all 18 schemas, the YSQ-S3, has only been examined to a limited extent, and its associations with Personality Disorders have not yet been tested in a psychiatric setting. We investigated psychometric properties of the Danish YSQ-S3 including its associations with Personality Disorders. A mixed Danish sample of clinical and nonclinical participants (N = 567) completed the YSQ-S3, whereas a clinical subsample (n = 142) was also assessed with a diagnostic interview for Personality Disorders. We performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and tested for group differences using analysis of variance. The Danish YSQ-S3 proved to be a reliable and valid measure. Its theoretical factorial structure was weakly but sufficiently supported. Its scales were meaningfully associated with specific Personality Disorders and discriminated between relevant groups. We conclude that the YSQ-S3 is a psychometrically valuable instrument for the assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in both clinical and research settings. Findings are discussed in relation to Personality Disorders and the Schema Therapy model.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, a significant association has been found between the schemas measured by this questionnaire and features of several personality disorders (46, 47).”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
(2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd · Cited by 13,703
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
American Psychiatric Association (2000) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 · Cited by 11,069
Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed
Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Hair, J. F. (2006) · Cited by 9,807
Hanrahan, G. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420067972-10 · Cited by 8,196
Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164413495237 · Cited by 3,931
(1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 3,056
Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700 · Cited by 1,988
Tucker's Congruence Coefficient as a Meaningful Index of Factor Similarity
Lorenzo‐Seva, U., & ten Berge, J. M. F. (2006) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241.2.2.57 · Cited by 1,130
Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.693 · Cited by 1,124
[Turkish Journal of Psychiatry].
Uluşahin, A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 611
Bamelis, L. L. M., Evers, S. M. A. A., Spinhoven, P., & Arntz, A. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12040518 · Cited by 497
Legal and Criminological Psychology
(2010) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/(issn)2044-8333 · Cited by 239
Waller, G., Meyer, C., & Ohanian, V. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026487018110 · Cited by 217
Early Maladaptive Schemas in Personality Disordered Individuals
Jovev, M., & Jackson, H. J. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.5.467.51325 · Cited by 193
Psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder
Zanarini, M. C. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01448.x · Cited by 191
The Long-Term Stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas
Riso, L. P., Froman, S. E., Raouf, M., Gable, P. G., Maddux, R. E., Santorelli, N. T., Penna, S., Blandino, J. A., Jacobs, C. H., & Cherry, M. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9015-z · Cited by 183
Sempértegui, G. A., Karreman, A., Arntz, A., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.006 · Cited by 177
Renner, F., Lobbestael, J., Peeters, F. P. M. L., Arntz, A. R., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.027 · Cited by 174
Nordahl, H. M., Holthe, H., & Haugum, J. A. (2005) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.430 · Cited by 162
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.011 · Cited by 159
Effect of the number of scale points on chi‐square fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis
Green, S. B., Akey, T. M., Fleming, K., Hershberger, S. L., & Marquis, J. G. (1997) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519709540064 · Cited by 141
Young Schema Questionnaire: Review of psychometric and measurement issues
Oei, T. P. S., & Baranoff, J. A. (2007) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530601148397 · Cited by 139
Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Çakır, Z. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 128
Addicted Patients with Personality Disorders: Traits, Schemas, and Presenting Problems
Ball, S. A., & Cecero, J. J. (2001) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.15.1.72.18642 · Cited by 127
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & González-Díez, Z. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000158 · Cited by 124
Krueger, R. F., Hopwood, C. J., Wright, A. G. C., & Markon, K. E. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12073 · Cited by 122
Wang, C. E. A., Halvorsen, M. B., Eisemann, M. R., & Waterloo, K. K. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.002 · Cited by 119
Kriston, L., Schäfer, J., Jacob, G., Härter, M., & Hölzel, L. (2013) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000143 · Cited by 113
Self-citationExtended Schema Mode Conceptualizations for Specific Personality Disorders: An Empirical Study
Bamelis, L. L. M., Renner, F., Heidkamp, D., & Arntz, A. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.41 · Cited by 113
Nilsson, A. K. K., Jørgensen, C. R., Straarup, K. N., & Licht, R. W. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.02.006 · Cited by 87
Early Maladaptive Schemas of Personality Disorder Subtypes
Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Campbell, L. F. (2001) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.15.6.546.19189 · Cited by 77
Item Placement on a Personality Measure: Effects on Faking Behavior and Test Measurement Properties
McFarland, L. A., Ryan, A. M., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2002) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7802_09 · Cited by 71
The Long-Term Impact of Emotional Abuse in Childhood
Wright, M. O. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_01 · Cited by 70
Saariaho, T., Saariaho, A., Karila, I., & Joukamaa, M. I. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.07.005 · Cited by 70
A Study of Maladaptive Schemas and Borderline Personality Disorder in Young People
Lawrence, K. A., Allen, J. S., & Chanen, A. M. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9292-4 · Cited by 67
Voderholzer, U., Schwartz, C., Thiel, N., Kuelz, A., Hartmann, A., Scheidt, C., Schlegl, S., & Zeeck, A. (2013) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000348484 · Cited by 65
Preliminary studies of the ICD-11 classification of personality disorder in practice
Tyrer, P. J., Crawford, M., Sanatinia, R., Tyrer, H., Cooper, S., Muller-Pollard, C., Christodoulou, P., Zauter-Tutt, M., Miloŝeska, K., Loebenberg, G., et al. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1275 · Cited by 65
Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0026197 · Cited by 64
Kriston, L., Schäfer, J., von Wolff, A., Härter, M. C., & Hölzel, L. P. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21846 · Cited by 55
Self-citationSchemas and borderline personality disorder symptoms in incarcerated women
Specht, M. W., Chapman, A. L., & Cellucci, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.005 · Cited by 49
Chakhssi, F., Bernstein, D. P., & de Ruiter, C. (2012) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12002 · Cited by 49
Parker, G. B., Gladstone, G. L., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhelm, K. A., & Roy, K. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00091-9 · Cited by 32
The Romanian Version of Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form 3 (Ysq-S3)
Trip, S. (2006) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · Cited by 30
Gilbert, F., & Daffern, M. (2013) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2013.770852 · Cited by 30
Thimm, J. C. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.030 · Cited by 26
Three faces of justice: Competing ethical paradigms in forensic psychiatry
Adshead, G. M. J. (2013) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12021 · Cited by 23
Pauwels, E., Claes, L., Smits, D., Dierckx, E., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Peuskens, H., & Vandereycken, W. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9501-4 · Cited by 22
[Preface: genetics and psychiatry].
Uluşahin, A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 15
A clinician's view of the proposed changes
Simonsen, E. H. (2011) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.186 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- American Psychiatric Association, 2013, The Personality Inventory DSM-5 (PID-5) Self-Report Form (full version)
- Muthén L. K., 2012, Mplus user’s guide
- Rijo D., 2008, A confirmatory factor analysis study of the YSQ-S3 in a large Portuguese sample
- Trip S., 2006, Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 6, 173
- Young J. E., 1990, Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach
- Young J. E., 2005, Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3)
- Young, J. E. & Gluhoski, V. L. (1996). Schema-focused diagnosis for personality disorders. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional famility patterns (pp. 300–321). New York, NY: Wiley.
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide . New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 436
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas
Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566 · Cited by 222
Self-citationSchema Theory and Schema Therapy in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Review
Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257 · Cited by 195
Kriston, L., Schäfer, J., Jacob, G., Härter, M., & Hölzel, L. (2013) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000143 · Cited by 113
Self-citationSchema therapy conceptualization of personality functioning and traits in ICD-11 and DSM-5
Bach, B., & Bernstein, D. P. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000464 · Cited by 100
Self-citationLouis, J. P., Wood, A. M., Lockwood, G., Ho, M. R., & Ferguson, E. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000567 · Cited by 84
Metadata
- Authors
- Bach, B., Simonsen, E., Christoffersen, P., & Kriston, L.
- Affiliations
- Region Zealand (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Psychiatric Clinic, Slagelse, Denmark
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychological Assessment
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 134-143
- ISSN
- 1015-5759 (ISSN-L)
- 2151-2426
- OpenAlex
- W1950331061
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 14.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Young Schema Questionnaire, early maladaptive schemas, personality disorders, schema therapy, psychometric properties, reliability statistics, factor structure, Danish version
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
