Extended Schema Mode Conceptualizations for Specific Personality Disorders: An Empirical Study
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate newly formulated schema mode models for cluster-C, paranoid, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. In order to assess 18 hypothesized modes, the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) was modified into the SMI-2. The SMI-2 was administered to a sample of 323 patients (with a main diagnosis on one of the PDs mentioned) and 121 nonpatients. The SMI-2 was successful in distinguishing patients and controls. Newly formulated modes proved to be appropriate for histrionic, avoidant, and dependent PD. The modification of the Overcontroller mode into the Perfectionistic and Suspicious Overcontroller mode was valuable for characterizing paranoid and obsessive-compulsive PD. The results support recent theoretical developments in Schema Therapy, and are useful for application in clinical practice.
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The Avoidant Protector mode is characterised by interpersonal and situational avoidance and corresponds to AVPD.
“Relevant modes for AVPD are the AP, characterised by interpersonal and situational avoidance, found to correspond to AVPD in a study of conceptualisations for specific PDs (Bamelis et al. 2011).”
From Exploring Moderators and Mediators of the Outcome of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Compared With Group Schema Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder and Comorbid Avoidant Personality Disorder. (2025) · cites this paper as Bamelis et al. 2011
The SMI-2 successfully distinguishes between patients and controls.
“The SMI-2 [23] is a modified version of the SMI-1 [50] and successfully distinguishes between patients and controls.”
Newly formulated modes proved to be appropriate for histrionic, avoidant and dependent personality disorder.
“Newly formulated modes proved to be appropriate for histrionic, avoidant and dependent personality disorder.”
The results supported recent theoretical developments in schema therapy (ST).
“The results supported recent theoretical developments in schema therapy (ST).”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Bamelis, L. L. M., Renner, F., Heidkamp, D., & Arntz, A.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Disorders
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-58
- ISSN
- 0885-579X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2160798830
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- schema modes, Schema Mode Inventory, personality disorders, schema therapy, cluster C personality disorders, paranoid personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Aged, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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