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Cited by 223Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas

Bach, Bo, Lockwood, George, Young, Jeffrey E.·2018·Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
DOI 10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566
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Abstract

Bo Bacha** http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-1769, George Lockwoodb & Jeffrey E. Youngca Center of Excellence on Personality Disorder, Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Denmarkb Schema Therapy Institute Midwest, Kalamazoo Center, Kalamazoo, MI, USAc Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA* Corresponding author. Emails: bbpn@regionsjaelland.dk** bobachsayad@gmail.com Center of Excellence on Personality Disorder, Psychiatric Research Unit, Slagelse Psychiatric Hospital, Fælledvej 6, Bygning 3, 4200 Slagelse, DenmarkAbstractThis study reexamined the organization of Young’s 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypothesized associations with experiences of need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and the “vulnerable child” mode of emotional distress in adulthood. A large Danish sample (N = 1054) of 658 clinical- and 391 nonclinical adults completed measures of early maladaptive schemas, parenting styles, and the vulnerable child mode. We identified four higher-order schema domains as most appropriate in terms of interpretability and empirical indices (“Disconnection & Rejection”, “Impaired Autonomy & Performance”, “Excessive Responsibility & Standards”, and “Impaired Limits”). All four schema domains were differentially associated with conceptually relevant need-thwarting parental experiences. Apart from “Impaired Limits”, the schema domains meaningfully accounted for the association between need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and emotional states of feeling like a “vulnerable child” in adulthood. We conclude that four domains of early maladaptive schemas are empirically and conceptually consistent with Young’s schema therapy model of personality pathology and longstanding emotional disorders. Findings warrant replication using different populations and if possible a prospective multi-method design. A scoring key for computing the four schema domains is provided.

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Authors
Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E.
Affiliations
  • Region Zealand (DK)
  • Schema Therapy Institute Midwest, Kalamazoo Center, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
  • Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author
Bach, Bo
ORCID
Bach, Bo
Venue
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2017-12-19
Volume
47
Issue
4
Pages
328-349
ISSN
  • 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
  • 1651-2316
DOI
10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566
OpenAlex
W2779355268
Cited by
222
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8
FWCI
11.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords
schema therapy, early maladaptive schemas, parental experiences, personality pathology, emotional distress, disconnection and rejection, impaired limits
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Denmark, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Personality Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Case-Control Studies, Parenting, Personal Autonomy, Young Adult

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