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How to Overcome Health-Compromising Behaviors: The Health Action Process Approach
Abstract
Health-compromising behaviors such as cigarette smoking and poor dietary habits are difficult to change. Most social-cognitive theories assume that the intention to change is the best predictor of actual change, but people often do not behave in accordance with their intentions. Unforeseen barriers emerge, or people give in to temptations. Therefore, intentions should be supplemented by more proximal predictors that might facilitate the translation of intentions into action. Some self-regulatory mediators have been identified, such as perceived self-efficacy and strategic planning. They help to bridge the intention-behavior gap. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) suggests a distinction between (1) a preintentional motivation process that leads to a behavioral intention and (2) a postintentional volition process that facilitates the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. In this article, two studies are reported that examine mediators between intentions and two behaviors. One behavior is smoking reduction in young adults, the other is dietary restraint in overweight patients with chronic disease. A structural equation model, specified in terms of the HAPA, was in line with both data sets but it explained more variance of dietary behaviors among middle-aged or older individuals with a health condition whereas variance of smoking reduction in healthy young adults was less well accounted for. The findings contribute to the elucidation of psychological mechanisms in health behavior change and point to the particular role of mediator variables.
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“Conditional financial incentives (i.e., incentives directly tied to the achievement of behavioral goals) may boost motivation (and subsequent behavior change) by altering the associated outcome expectancies, that is, beliefs about positive and negative consequences of behaviors (10).”
From Which Components of a Smartphone Walking App Help Users to Reach Personalized Step Goals? Results From an Optimization Trial (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schwarzer, R., & Luszczynska, A.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- University of Sussex, UK, and Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland
- ORCID
- Schwarzer, Ralf
- Venue
- European Psychologist
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-151
- ISSN
- 1016-9040 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-531X
- OpenAlex
- W1917734991
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Action Process Approach, intention-behavior gap, smoking reduction, dietary restraint, self-efficacy, strategic planning, volition, health behavior change, young adults, overweight patients, chronic disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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