The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition: Defining Its Facets and Levels of Functioning in Relation to Self-Regulation and Co-regulation
Abstract
Research in the field of metacognition, a multifaceted phenomenon, is in the main fragmented without much theoretical integration of the findings related to its various facets. Moreover, metacognition is usually conceived of as an individual and conscious process that serves the regulation of cognition. However, there is growing evidence that metacognition also functions at a nonconscious level, is involved in the co-regulation of cognition in collaborative settings, and interacts with affect in the self-regulation of behavior. Based on these considerations, a multifaceted and multilevel model of metacognition is proposed that broadens Nelson and Naren’s conceptualization of metacognition. The implications for theory and measurement of metacognition as well as for interventions involving metacognition are explored.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
Flavell, J. H. (1979) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.34.10.906 · Cited by 11,282
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110
Executive function and theory of mind: Stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3.
Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1105 · Cited by 684
Metacognition and consciousness
Koriat, A. (2007) · The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.012 · Cited by 554
Knowing Thyself and Others: Progress in Metacognitive Social Psychology
Nelson, T., Kruglanski, A., & Jost, J. (1998) · Metacognition: Cognitive and Social Dimensions · doi:10.4135/9781446279212.n5 · Cited by 69
Cited by
A Review of Self-regulated Learning: Six Models and Four Directions for Research
Panadero, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00422 · Cited by 2,915
Psychological Resilience: A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124 · Cited by 2,547
Efklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211
Self-citationExecutive function and metacognition: Towards a unifying framework of cognitive self-regulation
Roebers, C. M. (2017) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.04.001 · Cited by 592
A review of research on metacognition in science education: current and future directions
Zohar, A., & Barzilai, S. (2013) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2013.847261 · Cited by 436
Metadata
- Authors
- Efklides, A.
- Venue
- European Psychologist
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 277-287
- ISSN
- 1016-9040 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-531X
- OpenAlex
- W2150827347
- Cited by
- 726
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 23.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Metacognition: Defining Its Facets and Levels of Functioning in Relation to Self-Regulation and Co-regulation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277
- The paper
- Efklides, A. (2008). Metacognition: Defining Its Facets and Levels of Functioning in Relation to Self-Regulation and Co-regulation. European Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.