Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Open accessAbstract
An individual has a theory of mind if he imputes mental states to himself and others. A system of inferences of this kind is properly viewed as a theory because such states are not directly observable, and the system can be used to make predictions about the behavior of others. As to the mental states the chimpanzee may infer, consider those inferred by our own species, for example, purpose or intention , as well as knowledge, belief, thinking, doubt, guessing, pretending, liking , and so forth. To determine whether or not the chimpanzee infers states of this kind, we showed an adult chimpanzee a series of videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with a variety of problems. Some problems were simple, involving inaccessible food – bananas vertically or horizontally out of reach, behind a box, and so forth – as in the original Kohler problems; others were more complex, involving an actor unable to extricate himself from a locked cage, shivering because of a malfunctioning heater, or unable to play a phonograph because it was unplugged. With each videotape the chimpanzee was given several photographs, one a solution to the problem, such as a stick for the inaccessible bananas, a key for the locked up actor, a lit wick for the malfunctioning heater. The chimpanzee's consistent choice of the correct photographs can be understood by assuming that the animal recognized the videotape as representing a problem, understood the actor's purpose, and chose alternatives compatible with that purpose.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Theory of Mind is regarded as a key marker of human consciousness and social cognition.
“Theory of Mind (ToM) is regarded as a key marker of human consciousness and social cognition (Premack and Woodruff, 1978; Baron-Cohen, 1997; Saxe and Kanwisher, 2003; Frith and Frith, 2006; Carruthers, 2009).”
From Can "consciousness" be observed from large language model (LLM) internal states? Dissecting LLM representations obtained from Theory of Mind test with Integrated Information Theory and Span Representation analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Premack and Woodruff, 1978
The Concluding remarks (page unavailable) describe theory of mind as the ability to infer others’ mental states to predict behavior and say these inferences are universal in human adults. This supports its importance to social cognition, but the paper does not characterize it as a key marker of human consciousness. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPremack and Woodruff's 1978 Behavioral and Brain Sciences article on theory of mind sparked comparative research that led to real progress and productive research areas in developmental psychology and other disciplines.
“The article sparked a flurry of comparative research that has led to real progress.”
From The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? (2007) · cites this paper as Premack and Woodruff's (1978)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.
Wenglinsky, M., & Milgram, S. (1975) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064024 · Cited by 3,291 · see citing works
Köhler, W. (1948) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · doi:10.1037/11304-054 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
de Villiers, J. G. (1977) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(77)90021-6 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Chimpanzee Problem-Solving: A Test for Comprehension
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.705342 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren's comprehension and memory for stories
Poulsen, D., Kintsch, E., Kintsch, W., & Premack, D. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(79)90070-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citation(2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315725765 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 7 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Premack D. Cognitive principles? In: F. J. McGuigan and D. B. Lumsden (eds.), Contemporary Approaches to Conditioning and Learning, pp. 287–319, 1973.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599 · see citing works
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305 · see citing works
Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882 · see citing works
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 4,313 · see citing works
Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093535 · Cited by 3,929 · see citing works
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Leslie, A. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.412 · Cited by 3,379 · see citing works
Jackendoff, R. S. (2002) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198270126.001.0001 · Cited by 4,472 · see citing works
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome
Schmahmann, J. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.4.561 · Cited by 3,230 · see citing works
Chomsky, N. A. D. T. (1980) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00001515 · Cited by 2,935 · see citing works
Smith, T. L., & Chomsky, N. A. D. T. (1982) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184681 · Cited by 2,808 · see citing works
Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region
Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01501-1 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
Natural language and natural selection
Pinker, S. A., & Bloom, P. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00081061 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Origins of the modern mind: three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4184 · Cited by 2,410 · see citing works
Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs?
Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1107621 · Cited by 2,350 · see citing works
Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134475 · Cited by 2,342 · see citing works
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306 · see citing works
Understanding the Intentions of Others: Re-Enactment of Intended Acts by 18-Month-Old Children.
Meltzoff, A. (1995) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.5.838 · Cited by 1,923 · see citing works
The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07001975 · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
The Neural Basis of Mentalizing
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001 · Cited by 1,855 · see citing works
The Social Brain: Neural Basis of Social Knowledge
Adolphs, R. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
Neurobiology of emotion perception II: implications for major psychiatric disorders
Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L., & Lane, R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00171-9 · Cited by 1,736 · see citing works
The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market*
Deming, D. J. (2017) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjx022 · Cited by 1,727 · see citing works
Glenberg, A. M. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97000010 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour
Adolphs, R. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1056 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.010 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension.
Fletcher, P. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-r · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998562942 · Cited by 1,524 · see citing works
Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C., & Ratner, H. H. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003123x · Cited by 1,891 · see citing works
Gallagher, S., & Zahavi, D. (2007) · doi:10.4324/9780203086599 · Cited by 1,512 · see citing works
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · doi:10.1093/0195138929.001.0001 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Autism: beyond “theory of mind”
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Gaze Perception Triggers Reflexive Visuospatial Orienting
Driver, J., Davis, G. J., Ricciardelli, P., Kidd, P., Maxwell, E., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/135062899394920 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
Taking the intentional stance at 12 months of age
Gergely, G., Nádasdy, Z., Csibra, G., & Bı́ró, S. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00661-h · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
Preverbal and verbal counting and computation
Gallistel, C. R., & Gelman, R. (1992) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(92)90050-r · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Blair, R. J. R. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Gordon, R. M. (1986) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1986.tb00324.x · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Corcoran, R., Mercer, G., & Frith, C. D. (1995) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00024-g · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Interacting Minds--A Biological Basis
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5445.1692 · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000968 · Cited by 2,254 · see citing works
Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds
Penn, D. C., Holyoak, K. J., & Povinelli, D. J. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x08003543 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
The brain’s default network: updated anatomy, physiology and evolving insights
Buckner, R. L., & DiNicola, L. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0212-7 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Fitch, W. T. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511817779 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Singer, T. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see
Hare, B. A., Call, J., Agnetta, B., & Tomasello, M. (2000) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1377 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind.
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
"Theory of Mind" in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature
Brune, M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi002 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended
Dennett, D. C. (1983) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00016393 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
The Autistic Child's Theory of Mind: a Case of Specific Developmental Delay
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness, and animal welfare
Dawkins, M. S. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00077104 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective
Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrmann, S., Happé, F., Falkai, P., Maier, W., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Zilles, K. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0789 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Vӧllm, B., Taylor, A. N. W., Richardson, P., Corcoran, R., Stirling, J., McKie, S., Deakin, J. F. W., & Elliott, R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.022 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Culture in whales and dolphins
Rendell, L., & Whitehead, H. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0100396x · Cited by 858 · see citing works
The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model
Mealey, L. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00039595 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences.
Geary, D. C. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10370-000 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge of intentionality
Alison Gopnik, C. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00028636 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Making sense of another mind: The role of the right temporo-parietal junction
SAXE, R., & WEXLER, A. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.02.013 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
Brain activity during observation of actions. Influence of action content and subject's strategy
Decety, J. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.10.1763 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Social Cognition and Story Comprehension
Mar, R. A. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145406 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism.
Van de Cruys, S., Evers, K., Van der Hallen, R., Van Eylen, L., Boets, B., de-Wit, L., & Wagemans, J. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0037665 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/713756761 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning
Frye, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Palfai, T. (1995) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/0885-2014(95)90024-1 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
The Social Sense: Susceptibility to Others’ Beliefs in Human Infants and Adults
Kovács, Á. M., Téglás, E., & Endress, A. D. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190792 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior
Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coudé, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., & Ferrari, P. F. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Pruitt, J., & Grudin, J. T. (2003) · Conference on Designing for User Experience · doi:10.1145/997078.997089 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Do the eyes have it? Cues to the direction of social attention
Langton, S., Watt, R. J., & Bruce, V. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01436-9 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Evolution of the brain and intelligence
ROTH, G., & DICKE, U. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Tactical deception in primates
Whiten, A., & Byrne, R. W. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00049682 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Social cognition and the human brain
Adolphs, R. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01399-6 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
PERSECUTORY DELUSIONS: A REVIEW AND THEORETICAL INTEGRATION
Bentall, R. P., Corcoran, R., Howard, R. J., Blackwood, N., & Kinderman, P. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00106-4 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs
Krupenye, C., Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf8110 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
The Persona Lifecycle: Keeping People in Mind Throughout Product Design
Pruitt, J., & Adlin, T. (2006) · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Seed, A. M., & Tomasello, M. (2010) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01099.x · Cited by 851 · see citing works
How we know--and sometimes misjudge--what others know: Imputing one's own knowledge to others.
Nickerson, R. S. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.737 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Enactive intersubjectivity: Participatory sense-making and mutual incorporation
Fuchs, T. A. E., & Jaegher, H. D. (2009) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-009-9136-4 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Zaki, J. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037679 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions
Freeman, D. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind’
Leslie, A. M., Friedman, O., & German, T. P. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.001 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Limits on theory of mind use in adults
Keysar, B., Lin, S., & Barr, D. J. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00064-7 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Self‐awareness and the emergence of mind in primates
Gallup, G. G. (1982) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020302 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind
Bloom, P., & German, T. P. (2000) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00096-2 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Mind Perception Is the Essence of Morality
Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.651387 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Nichols, S., & Stich, S. P. (2003) · doi:10.1093/0198236107.001.0001 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Theory of mind in nonhuman primates
Heyes, C. M. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98000703 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Causes and consequences of mind perception
Waytz, A., Gray, K., Epley, N., & Wegner, D. M. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.006 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
A systematic review of algorithm aversion in augmented decision making
Burton, J. W., Stein, M., & Jensen, T. B. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2155 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Pretending and believing: Issues in the theory of ToMM
Leslie, A. M. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90029-9 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: Cognitive or affective?
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1988) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212194 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Understanding Other Minds: Linking Developmental Psychology and Functional Neuroimaging
Saxe, R., Carey, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142044 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
The evolution and psychology of self-deception
von Hippel, W., & Trivers, R. L. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10001354 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
On the Nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research
Whiten, A., & Ham, R. (1992) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60146-1 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Efklides, A. (2008) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma contains strategies that dominate any evolutionary opponent
Press, W. H., & Dyson, F. J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1206569109 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything
Zeki, S., Goodenough, O. R., Greene, J. D., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1546 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations
Sperber, D. (1994) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511752902.003 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation?
Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151099165384 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Social functioning in major depressive disorder
Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: the quest for a common mechanism
Gallese, V. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1234 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x · Cited by 676 · see citing works
- Authors
- Premack, D., & Woodruff, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1978-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 515-526
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2141538250
- Semantic Scholar
- 7a2072d69e2538de875434ba3cb0b74f467a99fb
- Cited by
- 8,743
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 343 · 2025: 438 · 2024: 395 · 2023: 437 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 549 · 2020: 438 · 2019: 410 · 2018: 460 · 2017: 377 · 2016: 341 · 2015: 389 · 2014: 375 · 2013: 353 · 2012: 312
- FWCI
- 23.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (7519748, 7716853)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- theory of mind, chimpanzees, mental state attribution, intention inference, problem solving, animal cognition, social cognition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
