Twenty-Five Years of Research on Violence in Digital Games and Aggression: Empirical Evidence, Perspectives, and a Debate Gone Astray
Abstract
Violence in digital games has been a source of controversy in the scientific community and general public. Over two decades of research have examined this issue. However, much of this research has been undercut by methodological limitations and ideological statements that go beyond what scientific evidence could support. We review 25 years of experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and meta-analytical research in this field. Empirical evidence regarding the impact of violent digital games on player aggression is, at best, mixed and cannot support unambiguous claims that such games are harmful or represent a public health crisis. Rather, indulgence in such claims risked damage to the credibility of games effects research, credibility which can only be restored through better empirical research and more conservative and careful statements by scholars. We encourage the field to engage in a responsible dialog and constructive debate that could continue to be enriching and invigorating.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a high level of methodological flexibility in the ways that aggression outcomes and violent gaming are assessed in the literature.
“our review of the literature made it clear that there is a high level of methodological flexibility in the ways that aggression outcomes and violent gaming are assessed [46,75]”
From Violent video game engagement is not associated with adolescents' aggressive behaviour: evidence from a registered report (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
Cites
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 · Cited by 3,915 · see citing works
The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4305 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018251 · Cited by 2,048 · see citing works
Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.772 · Cited by 1,778 · see citing works
Social Learning Theory of Aggression
Bandura, A. (1978) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
The Influence of Media Violence on Youth
Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L. J., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D. G., Malamuth, N. M., & Wartella, E. A. (2003) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Taylor, S. P. (1967) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Serious games : mechanisms and effects
Ritterfeld, U., Cody, M. J., & Vorderer, P. (2009) · MADOC (University of Mannheim) · Cited by 826 · see citing works
International Communication Association (2018) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/(issn)1468-2958 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Mass Media Effects Research : Advances Through Meta-Analysis
Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R., Klinger, M. R., & Roskos‐Ewoldsen, B. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Anderson, C. A., Deuser, W. E., & DeNeve, K. M. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295215002 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
The effects of violent video games on aggression. A meta-analysis
Sherry, J. (2001) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/27.3.409 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Pinker, S. (2006) · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.006 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Violent Video Games: Specific Effects of Violent Content on Aggressive Thoughts and Behavior
Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. L., Flanagan, M., Benjamin, A. J., Eubanks, J., & Valentine, J. C. (2004) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(04)36004-1 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Carnagey, N. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01632.x · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Konijn, E. A., Bijvank, M. N., & Bushman, B. J. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1038 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
The effects of violent video games on aggression..
Sherry, J. L. (2001) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00787.x · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Violent Video Games and Aggression
Ferguson, C. J., Rueda, S. M., Cruz, A. M., Ferguson, D. E., Fritz, S., & Smith, S. M. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807311719 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Public Health Risks of Media Violence: A Meta-Analytic Review
Ferguson, C. J., & Kilburn, J. C. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.033 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationViolent Media Content and Aggressiveness in Adolescents
Slater, M. D., Henry, K. L., Swaim, R. C., & Anderson, L. L. (2003) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650203258281 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., & Kilburn, J. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018566 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationBartholow, B. D., Sestir, M. A., & Davis, E. B. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205277205 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior: Potential Sex Differences
Bartholow, B. D., & Anderson, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1502 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Joint Policy Statement—Guidelines for Care of Children in the Emergency Department
(2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1807 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness
Uhlmann, E. L., & Swanson, J. E. (2003) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.004 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., Miguel, C. S., & Hartley, R. D. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.021 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationExposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: a longitudinal analysis
Möller, I., & Krahé, B. (2008) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20290 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Ivory, J., & Kalyanaraman, S. (2007) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00356.x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Longitudinal Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggression in Japan and the United States
Anderson, C. A., Sakamoto, A., Gentile, D. A., Ihori, N., Shibuya, A., Yukawa, S., Naito, M., & Kobayashi, K. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1425 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2011) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0024908 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
It's Okay to Shoot a Character: Moral Disengagement in Violent Video Games
Hartmann, T., & Vorderer, P. (2010) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01459.x · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Krahé, B., Möller, I., Huesmann, L. R., Kirwil, L., Felber, J., & Berger, A. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021711 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R., Eno, C. A., Okdie, B. M., Velez, J. A., Guadagno, R. E., & DeCoster, J. (2012) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0308 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Media Violence and its Effect on Aggression
Freedman, J. (2002) · University of Toronto Press eBooks · doi:10.3138/9781442627512 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Paradigm change in aggression research: The time has come to retire the General Aggression Model
Ferguson, C. J., & Dyck, D. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.02.007 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, C. A., & Carnagey, N. L. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.019 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Limitations of laboratory paradigms for studying aggression
Tedeschi, J. T., & Quigley, B. M. (1996) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00014-3 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The effect of violent video games on aggression: Is it more than just the violence?
Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2010) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.002 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents
Ferguson, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citation(2008) · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Willoughby, T., Adachi, P. J. C., & Good, M. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026046 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Hot Sauce, toy guns, and graffiti: A critical account of current laboratory aggression paradigms
Ritter, D., & Eslea, M. (2005) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20066 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Fuld, G. L., Mulligan, D., Altmann, T., Brown, A., Christakis, D. A., Clarke-Pearson, K., Dreyer, B., Falik, H., Nelson, K. G., O'Keeffe, G., et al. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2146 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2010) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000010 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationEastin, M. S. (2006) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00279.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review
Savage, J. (2004) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.001 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Fischer, P. A., Kastenmüller, A., & Greitemeyer, T. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Just a Game? Unjustified Virtual Violence Produces Guilt in Empathetic Players
Hartmann, T., Toz, E., & Brandon, M. (2010) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.524912 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., Miguel, C. S., Garza, A., & Jerabeck, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.10.014 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationViolent video games and anger as predictors of aggression
Giumetti, G. W., & Markey, P. M. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.005 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Killing Spree”: Exploring the Connection Between Competitive Game Play and Aggressive Cognition
Schmierbach, M. (2010) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650209356394 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
How long do the short‐term violent video game effects last?
Barlett, C. P., Branch, O., Rodeheffer, C. D., & Harris, R. J. (2009) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20301 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The effect of the amount of blood in a violent video game on aggression, hostility, and arousal
Barlett, C. P., Harris, R. J., & Bruey, C. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Greitemeyer, T., & McLatchie, N. M. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611403320 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Contextual Features of Violent Video Games, Mental Models, and Aggression
Farrar, K. M., Krcmar, M., & Nowak, K. L. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00025.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Barlett, C. P., & Rodeheffer, C. D. (2009) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20279 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The influence of violent and nonviolent computer games on implicit measures of aggressiveness.
Bluemke, M., Friedrich, M., & Zumbach, J. (2010) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20329 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Media Violence and Youth Violence
Hopf, W. H., Huber, G. L., & Weiß, R. H. (2008) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105.20.3.79 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ingroup Versus Outgroup Conflict in the Context of Violent Video Game Play
Velez, J. A., Mahood, C., Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R., & Moyer‐Gusé, E. (2012) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650212456202 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes
Sestir, M. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.005 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Call of (civic) duty: Action games and civic behavior in a large sample of youth
Ferguson, C. J., & Garza, A. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.026 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationValadez, J. J., & Ferguson, C. J. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.006 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationHuesmann, L. R. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018567 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Wallenius, M., & Punamäki, R. (2008) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.04.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hwang, S. W. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Do Video Games Promote Positive Youth Development?
Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558412464522 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The effect of playing violent video games on adolescents: Should parents be quaking in their boots?
Unsworth, G., Devilly, G. J., & Ward, T. J. (2007) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160601060655 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Greitemeyer, T., Traut‐Mattausch, E., & Osswald, S. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Examining the validity of the modified Taylor competitive reaction time test of aggression
Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-009-9069-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationMedia Violence and Aggression: Science and Ideology
Grimes, T., Anderson, J. A., & Bergen, L. (2007) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Baldaro, B., Tuozzi, G., Codispoti, M., Montebarocci, O., Barbagli, F., Trombini, E., & Rossi, N. C. F. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
von Salisch, M., Vogelgesang, J., Kristen, A., & Oppl, C. (2011) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2011.596468 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Influence of Competitive and Cooperative Group Game Play on State Hostility
Eastin, M. S. (2007) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00307.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Violent computer games and their effects on state hostility and Physiological arousal
Arriaga, P., Esteves, F. G., Carneiro, P., & Monteiro, M. B. (2006) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20134 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Effects of Prosocial, Neutral, and Violent Video Games on College Students' Affect
Saleem, M., Anderson, C. A., & Gentile, D. A. (2012) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21427 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., Garza, A., Jerabeck, J. M., Ramos, R., & Galindo, M. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9803-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationDeCamp, W., & Daly, K. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.020 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hasan, Y., Bègue, L., & Bushman, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Stichler, J. F. (2010) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/193758671000300401 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Plea for Caution: Violent Video Games, the Supreme Court, and the Role of Science
Hall, R. C. W., Day, T., & Hall, R. C. W. (2011) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0762 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bridging the methodological divide in game research
Williams, D. C. (2005) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878105282275 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rothmund, T., Gollwitzer, M., & Klimmt, C. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210391103 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Repeated Exposure to Video Game Play Results in Decreased Blood Pressure Responding
Ballard, M. E., Hamby, R. H., Panee, C. D., & Nivens, E. E. (2006) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., Smith, S. M., Miller-Stratton, H., Fritz, S., & Heinrich, E. (2008) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770802250678 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationMedia Violence Effects: Confirmed Truth or Just Another X-File?
Ferguson, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice · doi:10.1080/15228930802572059 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationViolent Video Games and Aggression: Why Can't We Find Effects?
Sherry, J. L. (2007) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zhen, S., Xie, H., Zhang, W., Wang, S., & Li, D. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ward, M. R. (2010) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2010.00216.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effects of Media Violence on Health-Related Outcomes Among Young Men
Brady, S. S., & Matthews, K. A. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.4.341 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mean on the screen: Psychopathy, relationship aggression, and aggression in the media
Coyne, S. M., Nelson, D. A., Graham‐Kevan, N., Keister, E. K., & Grant, D. M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
How gamers manage aggression: Situating skills in collaborative computer games
Bennerstedt, U., Ivarsson, J., & Linderoth, J. (2011) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-011-9136-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., & Savage, J. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.11.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationCause or Catalyst: The Interaction of Real World and Media Crime Models
Surette, R. (2012) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-012-9177-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sensory realism and mediated aggression in video games
Jeong, E. J., Biocca, F. A., & Bohil, C. J. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of Affective Orientation and Video Game Play on Aggressive Thoughts and Behaviors
Cicchirillo, V. J., & Chory‐Assad, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Violent computer games and their effects on state hostility and physiological arousal
Arriaga, P., Esteves, F. G., Carneiro, P., & Monteiro, M. B. (2006) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20111 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Go Ahead Punk, Make My Day: It's Time for Pediatricians to Take Action Against Media Violence
Strasburger, V. C. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0083 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of Playing Violent Computer Games on Emotional Desensitization and Aggressive Behavior1
Arriaga, P., Monteiro, M. B., & Esteves, F. G. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00791.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Resolution on Violence in Video Games and Interactive Media
(2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e546902011-001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kneer, J., Glock, S., Beskes, S., & Bente, G. (2012) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0171 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Defending the Doomed: Implicit Strategies Concerning Protection of First-Person Shooter Games
Kneer, J., Munko, D., Glock, S., & Bente, G. (2012) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0583 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Literature review on the impact of playing violent video games on aggression
(2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e522202014-001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Puri, K. P., & Pugliese, R. R. (2012) · Bulletin of Science Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467612463799 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bringing Empathy into Play: On the Effects of Empathy in Violent and Nonviolent Video Games
Happ, C., Melzer, A., & Steffgen, G. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24500-8_44 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Espejo, R. (2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Echo attributions” and other risks when publishing on novel therapies without peer review
Rosen, G. M., & Davison, G. C. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.1092 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Denzler, M., Häfner, M., & Förster, J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211421176 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Further Plea for Caution Against Medical Professionals Overstating Video Game Violence Effects
Hall, R. C. W., & Hall, R. C. W. (2011) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0357 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Media Violence Effects and Violent Crime: Good Science or Moral Panic?
Ferguson, C. J. (2010) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349305.n3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationChoice of Law in Federal Courts: From Erie and Klaxon to Cafa and Shady GrovePreprint
Roosevelt, K. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1665092 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gewalthaltige Computerspiele und aggressives Verhalten im Jugendalter
Koglin, U., Witthöft, J., & Petermann, F. (2009) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.60.3.163 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fischer, J., Aydin, N., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., & Fischer, P. (2012) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/a0028114 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pelaajabarometri 2011: Pelaamisen muutos
Karvinen, J., & Mäyrä, F. (2011) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ego-Shooter - Gewalthaltige Computerspiele und aggressive Neigungen
Frindte, W., & Obwexer, I. (2003) · Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie · doi:10.1026//1617-6383.15.4.140 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Benus, R. F. (1999) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1999)25:5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Designing Game Research: Addressing Questions of Validity
RAVAJA, N., & KIVIKANGAS, M. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203891650-36 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elson, M., Breuer, J., LOOY, J. V., & Kneer, J. (2012) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 119 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Video game play is positively correlated with well-being
Johannes, N., Vuorre, M., & Przybylski, A. K. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.202049 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The Sisyphean Cycle of Technology Panics
Orben, A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620919372 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time
Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1611617114 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Competence-impeding electronic games and players' aggressive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Przybylski, A. K., Deci, E. L., Rigby, C. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034820 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Pornography Consumption and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis: Pornography and Satisfaction
Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12108 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.171474 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The Association Between Video Gaming and Psychological Functioning
von der Heiden, J. M., Braun, B., Müller, K. W., & Egloff, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01731 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Sjöblom, M., Törhönen, M., Hamari, J., & Macey, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.036 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Electronic Gaming and Psychosocial Adjustment
Przybylski, A. K. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-4021 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Vedechkina, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611155 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Hilgard, J., Engelhardt, C. R., & Rouder, J. N. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000074 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Video games, emotion, and emotion regulation: expanding the scope
Hemenover, S. H., & Bowman, N. D. (2018) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2018.1442239 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Commercial video games as therapy: a new research agenda to unlock the potential of a global pastime
Colder Carras, M., Van Rooij, A. J., Spruijt-Metz, D., Kvedar, J., Griffiths, M. D., Carabas, Y., & Labrique, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00300 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The debate over digital technology and young people
Bell, V., Bishop, D. V. M., & Przybylski, A. K. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h3064 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Przybylski, A. K., Orben, A., & Weinstein, N. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.017 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Use of Electronic Games in Therapy: a Review with Clinical Implications
Horne-Moyer, H. L., Moyer, B. H., Messer, D. C., & Messer, E. S. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0520-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Computer Game Addiction in Adolescents and Its Relationship to Chronotype and Personality
Vollmer, C., Randler, C., Horzum, M. B., & Ayas, T. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013518054 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Empirische Bildungsforschung und evidenzbasierte Bildungspolitik
Bromme, R., Prenzel, M., & Jäger, M. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-014-0514-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Time spent playing video games is unlikely to impact well-being
Vuorre, M., Johannes, N., Magnusson, K., & Przybylski, A. K. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220411 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Cycle of Violence: Understanding Individual Participation in Collective Violence
Littman, R., & Paluck, E. L. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12239 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hartmann, T., Krakowiak, K. M., & Tsay‐Vogel, M. (2014) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.922206 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Violent video games and physical aggression: Evidence for a selection effect among adolescents.
Breuer, J., Vogelgesang, J., Quandt, T., & Festl, R. (2015) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000035 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.029 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Social Identity Threat Motivates Science-Discrediting Online Comments
Nauroth, P., Gollwitzer, M., Bender, J., & Rothmund, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117476 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis on the Longitudinal, Age-Dependent Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggression
Burkhardt, J., & Lenhard, W. (2021) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Everyday sadism predicts violent video game preferences
Greitemeyer, T. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.049 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Twenty-Five Years of Research on Violence in Digital Games and Aggression Revisited
Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000164 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
An instrument to build a gamer clustering framework according to gaming preferences and habits
Manero, B., Torrente, J., Freire, M., & Fernández‐Manjón, B. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.085 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The age of cyberpsychology: An overview.
Ancis, J. R. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000009 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Media violence use as a risk factor for aggressive behaviour in adolescence
Krahé, B. (2014) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.923177 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Huseinović, L. (2023) · MAP Education and Humanities · doi:10.53880/2744-2373.2023.4.10 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
McCarthy, R. J., Coley, S. L., Wagner, M. F., Zengel, B., & Basham, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Edutainment, Games, and the Future of Education in a Digital World
Jarvin, L. (2015) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20082 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kneer, J., Elson, M., & Knapp, F. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.034 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationSzycik, G. R., Mohammadi, B., Münte, T. F., & Wildt, B. T. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00174 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Effect of Online Violent Video Games on Levels of Aggression
Hollingdale, J., & Greitemeyer, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111790 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Violent Video Games in Virtual Reality
Wilson, G., & McGill, M. (2018) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3242671.3242684 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gao, X., Pan, W., Li, C., Weng, L., Yao, M., & Chen, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00650 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Excessive users of violent video games do not show emotional desensitization: an fMRI study
Szycik, G. R., Mohammadi, B., Heilbronner, M., Kneer, J., Samii, A., Münte, T. F., & Wildt, B. T. T. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9549-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of Game Transfer Phenomena: A Descriptive Survey Study
de Gortari, A. B. O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2016.1164430 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Television and Game Violence Exposure Measures
Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215573863 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
From social media to artificial intelligence: improving research on digital harms in youth
Mansfield, K. L., Ghai, S., Hakman, T., Ballou, N., Vuorre, M., & Przybylski, A. K. (2025) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(24)00332-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bartsch, A., Mares, M., Scherr, S., Kloß, A., Keppeler, J., & Posthumus, L. (2016) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12248 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Stopfer, J. M., Braun, B., Müller, K. W., & Egloff, B. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Video game play and intergroup relations: Real world implications for prejudice and discrimination
Adachi, P. J. C., Hodson, G., & Hoffarth, M. R. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Causal effect of video gaming on mental well-being in Japan 2020–2022
Egami, H., Rahman, M. S., Yamamoto, T., Egami, C., & Wakabayashi, T. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01948-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Graphic Violence as Moral Motivator: The Effects of Graphically Violent Content in News
Grizzard, M., Huang, J., Weiß, J. K., Novotny, E. R., Fitzgerald, K. S., Ahn, C., Ngoh, Z., Plante, A., & Chu, H. (2017) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2017.1339804 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., Bushman, B. J., Smith, C., Docherty, M., & O’Brien, M. (2021) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21984 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The enjoyment of shooting games: Exploring the role of perceived realism
Daneels, R., Malliet, S., Koeman, J., & Ribbens, W. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.053 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Behavioural realism and the activation of aggressive concepts in violent video games
Zendle, D. I., Kudenko⋆, D., & Cairns, P. A. (2017) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2017.10.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zioga, T., Ferentinos, A., Konsolaki, E., Nega, C., & Kourtesis, P. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100874 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Teng, Z., Nie, Q., Guo, C., & Liu, Y. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.031 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Restoring the Spirit of Fair Play in the Debate About Violent Video Games
Krahé, B. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000165 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Guggisberg, M. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101432 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ho, M., Huyền, N. T. T., Nguyen, M., La, V., & Vuong, Q. (2022) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-022-01742-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Apples, Oranges, and the Burden of Proof – Putting Media Violence Findings Into Context
Warburton, W. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000166 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Violent Video Games and the P300: No Evidence to Support the Neural Desensitization Hypothesis
Goodson, S., Turner, K. J., Pearson, S., & Carter, P. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0029 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Chen, H., Wang, Z., Xie, F., & Bao, Z. (2021) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21967 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Violent Lyrics = Aggressive Listeners?
Pieschl, S., & Fegers, S. (2015) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000144 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Media Violence and Adolescents’ ADHD-Related Behaviors: The Role of Parental Mediation
Nikkelen, S. W. C., Vossen, H. G. M., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2016.1234476 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mitchell, S. M., Jahn, D. R., Guidry, E. T., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0171 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Video games and intellectual disabilities: a literature review
Jiménez, M. R., Pulina, F., & Lanfranchi, S. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Lan, H., Teng, Z., Guo, C., & Yao, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172940 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Olejarnik, S. Z., & Romano, D. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155807 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kneer, J., Franken, S., & Reich, S. (2019) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878118823033 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mediated and moderated effects of violent media consumption on youth violence
Kanz, K.-M. (2015) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370815608882 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mertala, P., & Meriläinen, M. (2019) · Global Studies of Childhood · doi:10.1177/2043610619867701 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Learning in digital play: a dual case study of video gamers’ independent play
Toh, W., & Lim, F. V. (2022) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1186/s41039-022-00182-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Video Game Violence and Interactivity: Effect or Equivalence?
Weber, R., Behr, K. M., Fisher, J. T., Lonergan, C., & Quebral, C. (2020) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqz048 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Brutal Kill!” Violent video games as a predictor of aggression
de Medeiros, B. G., ́Pimentel, C. E., Sarmet, M. M., & Mariano, T. E. (2020) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712020250205 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rothmund, T., Bender, J., Nauroth, P., & Gollwitzer, M. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2125 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1931 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Using Video Games to Regulate Emotions
Sarsenbayeva, Z., Tag, B., Shu, Y., Kostakos, V., & Gonçalves, J. (2020) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3441000.3441035 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Międzobrodzka, E., Buczny, J., Konijn, E. A., & Krabbendam, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651759 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kahila, J., Viljaranta, J., Kahila, S., Piispa-Hakala, S., & Vartiainen, H. (2022) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2022.100513 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Seven‐year‐olds’ aggressive choices in a computer game can be predicted in infancy
Hay, D. F., Johansen, M. K., Daly, P., Hashmi, S., Robinson, C., Collishaw, S., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12576 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Violent Video Games Do Contribute to Aggression
Scharrer, E., Kamau, G., Warren, S., & Zhang, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95495-0_2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vossen, H. G. M., & Fikkers, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2020.1828118 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
You Could Have Just Asked: The Perception of Motivations to Play Violent Video Games
Kneer, J., Jacobs, R. S., & Ferguson, C. J. (2018) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v6i2.3389 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationThe interplay of parenting style and family rules about video games on subsequent fighting behavior
Coté, A. C., Coles, S. M., & Cin, S. D. (2020) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21931 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Are Video Games Still a Boys’ Club? How German Public Television Covers Video Games
Bigl, B., & Schlegelmilch, C. (2020) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412020975637 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Harmful compared to what? The problem of gaming and ambiguous causal questions
Magnusson, K., Johansson, F., & Przybylski, A. K. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16516 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Videogames and guns in adolescents: T ests of a bipartite theory
Turel, O. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106355 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Preschool Children’s Metaphoric Perceptions of Digital Games: A Comparison between Regions
ARICI, E. Y., Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2023) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers12070138 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tunnel Vision or Desensitization?
Breuer, J., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2014) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000122 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lamb, R. L., Annetta, L. A., Hoston, D., Shapiro, M., & Matthews, B. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1318777 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Negative Effects of Video Game Play
Groves, C. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4560-50-4_13 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Worth, N. C. (2015) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Understanding the “social” nature of digital games
Kaye, L. K. (2021) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100420 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Efeito dos jogos digitais no comportamento: análise do General Learning Model
Sarmet, M. M., & Pilati, R. (2016) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2016.1-02 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ivory, A. H., Ivory, J., Wu, W. M. C., Limperos, A. M., Andrew, N., & Sesler, B. S. (2017) · Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · doi:10.4101/jvwr.v10i2.7274 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ridge, R. D., Hawk, C. E., McCombs, L. D., Richards, K. J., Schultz, C. A., Ashton, R. K., Hartvigsen, L. D., & Bartlett, D. (2023) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000369 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fuller, A., Vasek, M., Mariconti, E., & Johnson, S. D. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01299-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hodge, S., Taylor, J., & McAlaney, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01313 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Leveling Up? Video Game Play in Adolescence and the Transition into Adulthood
Latinsky, A., & Ueno, K. (2020) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2019.1711265 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Are violent video game-aggression researchers biased?
Lishner, D. A., Groves, C. L., & Chrobak, Q. M. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Negative Effects of Video Game Play
Groves, C. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4560-52-8_13-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
News Media Coverage of Crime and Violent Drug Crime: A Case for Cause or Catalyst?
Ríos, V., & Ferguson, C. J. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1561925 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTwenge, J. M., & Hamilton, J. L. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103696 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Elson, M., & Ferguson, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Stetson University (US)
- Venue
- European Psychologist
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2014-01-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-46
- ISSN
- 1016-9040 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-531X
- OpenAlex
- W2116610197
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 31.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- violent video games, aggression, video games, media influence, research credibility, methodological limitations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review