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A cubic relationship between air‐sea CO2 exchange and wind speed
Abstract
Using recent laboratory and field results we explore the possibility of a cubic relationship between gas exchange and instantaneous (or short‐term) wind speed, and its impact on global air‐sea fluxes. The theoretical foundation for such a dependency is based on retardation of gas transfer at low to intermediate winds by surfactants, which are ubiquitous in the world's oceans, and bubble‐enhanced transfer at higher winds. The proposed cubic relationship shows a weaker dependence of gas transfer at low wind speed and a significantly stronger dependence at high wind speed than previous relationships. A long‐term relationship derived from such a dependence, combined with the monthly CO 2 climatology of Takahashi [1997], leads to an increase in the global annual oceanic CO 2 uptake from 1.4 Gigaton C yr−1 to 2.2 Gigaton C yr−1. Although a cubic relationship fits within global bomb‐14 C oceanic uptake constraints, additional checks are warranted, particularly at high wind speeds where the enhancement is most pronounced.
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“If the hydrocarbons originate from the sea, then an exponential relationship between the measured mixing ratios and wind speed can be expected due to the flux dependency on wind strength27,28.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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Izumi, C., Al-Thani, J. A., Yiğiterhan, O., Al-Ansari, E. M. A. S., VETHAMONY, P., Sorino, C. F., Anderson, D. B., & Murray, J. W. (2022) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2022.104185 · Cited by 6
Dristi, A., & Xu, Y. J. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15142621 · Cited by 6
Kerr, R., Monteiro, T., Orselli, I. B. M., Tavano, V. M., & Mendes, C. R. B. (2024) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2024.104472 · Cited by 6
Duan, Z., Gao, H., Gao, Z., Wang, R., Xue, Y., & Yao, X. (2013) · Boundary-Layer Meteorology · doi:10.1007/s10546-013-9814-1 · Cited by 6
Upper-ocean gas dynamics from radon profiles in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific
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Uncertainty in air–sea CO2 flux due to transfer velocity
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wanninkhof, R., & McGillis, W. R.
- Affiliations
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (US)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1889-1892
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2091945915
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- air-sea CO2 flux, gas transfer velocity, wind speed dependence, surfactants, global carbon fluxes, ocean surface fluxes
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