Cited by 674Marine Plankton and BiogeochemistryOcean Waves and Remote SensingOceanographic and Atmospheric Processes

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A cubic relationship between air‐sea CO2 exchange and wind speed

Wanninkhof, Rik, McGillis, Wade R.·1999·Geophysical Research Letters

DOI 10.1029/1999gl900363

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Abstract

Using recent laboratory and field results we explore the possibility of a cubic relationship between gas exchange and instantaneous (or short‐term) wind speed, and its impact on global air‐sea fluxes. The theoretical foundation for such a dependency is based on retardation of gas transfer at low to intermediate winds by surfactants, which are ubiquitous in the world's oceans, and bubble‐enhanced transfer at higher winds. The proposed cubic relationship shows a weaker dependence of gas transfer at low wind speed and a significantly stronger dependence at high wind speed than previous relationships. A long‐term relationship derived from such a dependence, combined with the monthly CO 2 climatology of Takahashi [1997], leads to an increase in the global annual oceanic CO 2 uptake from 1.4 Gigaton C yr−1 to 2.2 Gigaton C yr−1. Although a cubic relationship fits within global bomb‐14 C oceanic uptake constraints, additional checks are warranted, particularly at high wind speeds where the enhancement is most pronounced.

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McGillis W. R., 1995, Air‐Water Gas Transfer, 363
McGillis W. R.J.EdsonR.Wanninkhof Direct air‐sea flux measurements of CO2 over the North Atlantic Ocean and the comparison to indirect methods Abstract Volume 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans 22‐02 1999
Schneider B.K.NagelH.ThomasA.Rebers The Baltic Sea CO2 budget Abstract Volume 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans 21‐06 1999

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Authors: Wanninkhof, R., & McGillis, W. R.
Affiliations: NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (US)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
ORCID: Wanninkhof, Rik
McGillis, Wade R.
Venue: Geophysical Research Letters
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 1999-07
Volume: 26
Issue: 13
Pages: 1889-1892
ISSN: 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
1944-8007
DOI: 10.1029/1999gl900363
OpenAlex: W2091945915
Cited by: 674
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 15.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Keywords: air-sea CO2 flux, gas transfer velocity, wind speed dependence, surfactants, global carbon fluxes, ocean surface fluxes

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A cubic relationship between air‐sea CO2 exchange and wind speed

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