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Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO

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Stohl, A., Bonasoni, P., Cristofanelli, P., Collins, W., Feichter, J., Frank, A., Forster, C., Gerasopoulos, E. +21 more·2003·Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
DOI 10.1029/2002jd002490
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Abstract

This paper provides a review of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange (STE), with a focus on processes in the extratropics. It also addresses the relevance of STE for tropospheric chemistry, particularly its influence on the oxidative capacity of the troposphere. After summarizing the current state of knowledge, the objectives of the project Influence of Stratosphere‐Troposphere Exchange in a Changing Climate on Atmospheric Transport and Oxidation Capacity (STACCATO), recently funded by the European Union, are outlined. Several papers in this Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres special section present the results of this project, of which this paper gives an overview. STACCATO developed a new concept of STE in the extratropics, explored the capacities of different types of methods and models to diagnose STE, and identified their various strengths and shortcomings. Extensive measurements were made in central Europe, including the first monitoring over an extended period of time of beryllium‐10 ( 10 Be), to provide a suitable database for case studies of stratospheric intrusions and for model validation. Photochemical models were used to examine the impact of STE on tropospheric ozone and the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Studies of the present interannual variability of STE and projections into the future were made using reanalysis data and climate models.

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  • Northern Hemisphere seasonal differences in 14C between plants growing in the early spring and later in the summer can come about because stratospheric 14C is injected into the troposphere during the boreal spring.

    “Northern Hemisphere seasonal differences in 14 C between plants growing in the early spring and later in the summer can come about because stratospheric 14 C is injected into the troposphere during the boreal spring (Appenzeller et al. 1996; Stohl et al. 2003).”

    From The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP) (2020) · cites this paper as Stohl et al. 2003

    Section 1.2 (page not provided) reports a late-spring maximum in Northern Hemisphere net stratosphere-to-troposphere mass flux and a spring maximum in surface fallout from a stratospheric reservoir. That supports the proposed seasonal transport mechanism, but the paper does not connect it to ¹⁴C differences between early-spring and summer-growing plants; its radionuclide discussion in section 1.6.2 concerns beryllium isotopes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • Differences in growing season are potentially relevant to 14C offsets, as an intra-annual pattern in transport across the extratropical tropopause leads to an observed natural seasonal variation in midlatitude NH tropospheric 14C levels between a winter/spring low (minimum late March to early April) and a summer to early autumn high (peak mid-September).

    “Differences in growing season are potentially relevant, as an intra-annual pattern in transport across the extratropical tropopause leads to an observed natural seasonal variation in midlatitude NH tropospheric 14C levels between a winter/spring low (minimum late March to early April) and a summer to early autumn high (peak mid-September) (15, 19–22).”

    From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [21]

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [104]104. Ottino, J., The Kinematics of Mixing: Stretching, Chaos and Transport, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1989.
  2. [128]128. Scheel, H. E., Trend and seasonal cycles of ozone at the Zugspitze, in Proceedings From the EUROTRAC-2 Symposium 2002, edited by P. M. Midgley and M. Reuther, p. TOR-24, Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, 2002.

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Authors
Stohl, A., Bonasoni, P., Cristofanelli, P., Collins, W., Feichter, J., Frank, A., Forster, C., Gerasopoulos, E., Gäggeler, H., James, P., Kentarchos, T., Kromp‐Kolb, H., Krüger, B., Land, C., Meloen, J., Papayannis, A., Priller, A., Seibert, P., Sprenger, M., Roelofs, G. J., Scheel, H. E., Schnabel, C., Siegmund, P., Tobler, L., Trickl, T., Wernli, H., Wirth, V., Zanis, P., & Zerefos, C.
Affiliations
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • National Research Council (IT)
  • Met Office (GB)
  • Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (DE)
  • Institute of Meteorology and Physics University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna Austria
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
  • University of Bern (CH)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (NL)
  • National Technical University of Athens (GR)
  • Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Vienna Austria
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
  • Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Publisher
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published
2003-05-10
Volume
108
Issue
D12
ISSN
0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1029/2002jd002490
OpenAlex
W2124854884
Semantic Scholar
dd8b97cb988bc79a591486be0a9d4859d40fc44e
Cited by
662
References
163
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
FWCI
11.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • DSpace - NTUA (National Technical University of Athens) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords
stratosphere-troposphere exchange, stratospheric intrusions, beryllium-10, tropospheric ozone, oxidative capacity, tropospheric chemistry, photochemical modeling, interannual variability, climate change projections, atmospheric transport

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