The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans
Open accessAbstract
An improved method has been developed for the separation of the anthropogenic CO 2 from the large natural background variability of dissolved inorganic carbon (C) in the ocean. This technique employs a new quasi‐conservative carbon tracer Δ C*, which reflects the uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 and the air‐sea disequilibrium when a water parcel loses contact with the atmosphere. The air‐sea disequilibrium component can be discriminated from the anthropogenic signal using either information about the water age or the distribution of Δ C* in regions not affected by the anthropogenic transient. This technique has been applied to data from the North Atlantic sampled during the Transient Tracers in the Ocean North Atlantic (TTO NAS) and Tropical Atlantic study (TTO TAS) cruises in 1981–1983. The highest anthropogenic CO 2 concentrations and specific inventories (inventory per square meter) are found in the subtropical convergence zone. In the North Atlantic, anthropogenic CO 2 has already invaded deeply into the interior of the ocean, north of 50°N it has even reached the bottom. Only waters below 3000 m and south of 30°N are not yet affected. We estimate an anthropogenic CO 2 inventory of 20 ± 4 Gt C in the North Atlantic between 10°N and 80°N. The 2.5‐dimensional ocean circulation model of Stocker et al. [1994] and the three‐dimensional ocean general circulation biogeochemistry model of Sarmiento et al. [1995] predict anthropogenic CO 2 inventories of 18.7 Gt C and 18.4 Gt C, respectively, in good agreement with the observed inventory. Important differences exist on a more regional scale, associated with known deficiencies of the models.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water
Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., & Richards, F. A. (1963) · Symposium on Experimental and Efficient Algorithms · Cited by 4,406
Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas
Weiss, R. F. (1974) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2 · Cited by 3,350
Observational Contrains on the Global Atmospheric Co 2 Budget
Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y., & Takahashi, T. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.247.4949.1431 · Cited by 2,066
Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis
Anderson, L. A., & Sarmiento, J. L. (1994) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/93gb03318 · Cited by 1,219
Self-citationSeasonal variation of CO 2 and nutrients in the high‐latitude surface oceans: A comparative study
Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W., & Sutherland, S. C. (1993) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/93gb02263 · Cited by 1,163
Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans
Millero, F. J. (1995) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-o · Cited by 1,063
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean
Siegenthaler, U., & Sarmiento, J. L. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365119a0 · Cited by 1,021
Self-citationThermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K
Dickson, A. G. (1990) · Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90004-f · Cited by 959
The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Sources, rates, and pathways
Dickson, R. R., & Brown, J. (1994) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/94jc00530 · Cited by 837
Volk, T., & Hoffert, M. I. (2013) · Geophysical Monograph Series · doi:10.1029/gm032p0099 · Cited by 822
Cited by
The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097403 · Cited by 4,035
Self-citationOcean Deoxygenation in a Warming World
Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., & Gruber, N. (2010) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855 · Cited by 1,712
Self-citationThe oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 from 1994 to 2007
Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau5153 · Cited by 990
Self-citationA global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements
Lamborg, C. H., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Bowman, K. L., Swarr, G. J., Munson, K. M., Ohnemus, D. C., Lam, P. J., Heimbürger, L.-E., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., & Saito, M. A. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13563 · Cited by 537
Spatiotemporal patterns of carbon‐13 in the global surface oceans and the oceanic suess effect
Gruber, N., Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Guenther, P. R., Lueker, T. J., Wahlen, M., Meijer, H. A. J., Mook, W. G., & Stocker, T. F. (1999) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/1999gb900019 · Cited by 338
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., & Stocker, T. F.
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1996-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 809-837
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W2146762973
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 59
- FWCI
- 9.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1029/96gb01608
- The paper
- Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J. L., & Stocker, T. F. (1996). An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. https://doi.org/10.1029/96gb01608
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
