Cited by 1,712Marine and coastal ecosystemsOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesMarine Biology and Ecology Research

Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World

Keeling, Ralph F., Körtzinger, Arne, Gruber, Nicolas·2010·Annual Review of Marine Science

Abstract

Ocean warming and increased stratification of the upper ocean caused by global climate change will likely lead to declines in dissolved O2 in the ocean interior (ocean deoxygenation) with implications for ocean productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycling, and marine habitat. Ocean models predict declines of 1 to 7% in the global ocean O2 inventory over the next century, with declines continuing for a thousand years or more into the future. An important consequence may be an expansion in the area and volume of so-called oxygen minimum zones, where O2 levels are too low to support many macrofauna and profound changes in biogeochemical cycling occur. Significant deoxygenation has occurred over the past 50 years in the North Pacific and tropical oceans, suggesting larger changes are looming. The potential for larger O2 declines in the future suggests the need for an improved observing system for tracking ocean 02 changes.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855

Cites

147 of 147 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Warming oceans contain less O2 and are expected to exhibit increased stratification and reduced ventilation rates, leading to further ocean dissolved oxygen reductions beyond the 2% decline measured over the last half century.

    “Warming oceans contain less O 2 and are expected to exhibit increased stratification and reduced ventilation rates, leading to further ocean dissolved oxygen (DO) reductions (Keeling et al., 2010;Shepherd et al., 2017) beyond the 2% decline measured over the last half century (Schmidtko et al., 2017).”
  • Even today many regions of Earth's oceans are poised on the brink of anoxic conditions.

    “Indeed, even today many regions of Earth's oceans are poised on the brink of anoxic conditions (Keeling et al. 2010), and such regions are often critically important for the large-scale biogeochemical cycles of many linked major and trace element species.”

    From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Keeling et al. 2010

  • Next generation GCMs predict a decline in dissolved oxygen with high certainty as a result of enhanced stratification and reduced ventilation.

    “As a result of enhanced stratification and reduced ventilation, next generation GCMs predict a decline in dissolved oxygen with high certainty [37,52,53]”

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Authors
Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., & Gruber, N.
Affiliations
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
  • GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
Venue
Annual Review of Marine Science
Published
2010-01-01
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
199-229
ISSN
  • 1941-0611 (ISSN-L)
  • 1941-1405
OpenAlex
W2131829457
Cited by
1,712
References
150
Citations by year
2026: 112 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 157 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 77
FWCI
5.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annual Review of Marine Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Keywords
ocean deoxygenation, ocean warming, ocean stratification, dissolved oxygen, oxygen minimum zone, ocean productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycle, marine habitats, North Pacific, tropical oceans, ocean observing systems
MeSH terms
Environmental Monitoring, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Seawater, Ecosystem, Global Warming

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