The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Investigation of the threshold for allergic reactivity to chromium
Abstract
Allergy to chromium is relatively common, often in association with exposure to cement or in leather manufacture. However, in certain locations, there appears to be a relatively large cohort of chromium‐sensitive individuals whose allergy cannot be explained by these common sources. In particular, this group include Israeli housewives with persistent hand eczema and concomitant patch test positivity to chromium. The causation of their allergy has been linked with relatively high levels of chromium contamination in household products. To provide further information in respect of the definition of safe levels for such products, we examined 17 chromium‐allergic individuals to determine their threshold for reaction under closed patch test and repeated open application test (ROAT) conditions. The data derived indicated that, on normal skin, the patch test threshold was 10 ppm chromium; in the presence of an irritant (sodium lauryl sulfate) the threshold was closer to 1 ppm, 2/17 subjects giving 1+ reactions at this concentration. In the more realistic exposure conditions of the ROAT, 8/14 individuals failed to react to 50 ppm, whilst 3/15 reacted to 5 ppm. Interestingly, there was very poor correlation between patch test sensitivity and ROAT sensitivity. To ensure the large majority of chromium‐allergic individuals do not suffer elicitation of their allergy, as well as to limit the development of new chromium‐sensitive subjects, it is recommended that household products adhere to a previously published standard of a maximum limit of 5 ppm, with an ultimate target of 1 ppm contamination by chromium.
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In the citing paper
“Given that hexavalent chromium is a known skin sensitizer, the very low chromium content confirms that the soaps pose no risk of chromium-induced allergic contact dermatitis (Basketter et al., 2001).”
From Production and Characterization of the Properties of Soap using Alkali from Agricultural Waste (2026) · cites this paper as Basketter et al., 2001
Citations
Cites
The repeated open application test (ROAT)
Hannuksela, M., & Salo, H. (1986) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01229.x · Cited by 281
Nickel, cobalt and chromium in consumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis?
Basketter, D. A., Briatico‐Vangosa, G., Kaestner, W., Lally, C., & Bontinck, W. J. (1993) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03318.x · Cited by 257
Self-citationZachariae, C. O. C., Agner, T., & Menné, T. (1996) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02295.x · Cited by 119
Allenby, C. F., & Goodwin, B. F. J. (1983) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04470.x · Cited by 102
An arm immersion model of compromised skin
Allenby, C. F., & Basketter, D. A. (1993) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03371.x · Cited by 94
Self-citationAddition of ferrous sulfate to cement and risk of chromium dermatitis among construction workers
Roto, P., Sainio, H., Reunala, T. L., & Laippala, P. T. (1996) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02111.x · Cited by 92
Prognosis of occupational chromate dermatitis
Halbert, A., Gebauer, K., & Wall, L. M. (1992) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03248.x · Cited by 92
Common contact sensitizers in Chandigarh, India
Sharma, V., & Chakrabarti, A. (1998) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05677.x · Cited by 87
Follow-Up Study of Patients with Contact Dermatitis Caused by Chromates, Nickel, and Cobalt
Dooms‐Goossens, A., Ceuterick, A., Vanmaele, N., & Degreef, H. J. (2009) · Dermatologica · doi:10.1159/000250501 · Cited by 71
Eau de Javel and prevention of chromate allergy in France
Lachapelle, J., Lauwerys, R., Tennstedt, D., Andanson, J., Benezra, C., Chabeau, G., DUCOMBS, G., Foussereau, J., Lacroix, M., & de Martin, P. (1980) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb03916.x · Cited by 46
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bonnevie P, 1939, Aetiologie und Pathogenese der Ekzemkrankheiten.
- Nava C, 1987, I sali di cromo e nickel come causa di dermatitie allergica da contatto con detergenti., Med Lav, 78, 405
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Cited by
Applications of egg shell and egg shell membrane as adsorbents: A review
Mittal, A., Teotia, M., Soni, R. K., & Mittal, J. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.065 · Cited by 335
Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium
Basketter, D. A., Angelini, G., Ingber, A., Kern, P. S., & Menné, T. (2003) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x · Cited by 244
Self-citationScientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS
On, O. (2014) · Cited by 155
Comparative assessment of alternative marine fuels in life cycle perspective
Bilgili, L. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110985 · Cited by 166
Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings
Bregnbak, D., Johansen, J. D., Jellesen, M. S., Zachariae, C. O. C., Menné, T., & Thyssen, J. P. (2015) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/cod.12436 · Cited by 141
Metadata
- Authors
- Basketter, D., Horev, L., Slodovnik, D., Merimes, S., Trattner, A., & Ingber, A.
- Affiliations
- Unilever (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- Rabin Medical Center (IL)
- Venue
- Contact Dermatitis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 70-74
- ISSN
- 0105-1873 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0536
- OpenAlex
- W1977937686
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Contact Dermatitis (publishedVersion)
- American Journal of Contact Dermatitis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
- Keywords
- chromium allergy, patch testing, repeated open application test, household products, hand eczema, housewives, sodium dodecyl sulfate, safe exposure levels
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Allergens, Chromium, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patch Tests, Skin, Dermatitis, Allergic Contact, Threshold Limit Values
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- The paper
- Basketter, D., Horev, L., Slodovnik, D., Merimes, S., Trattner, A., & Ingber, A. (2001). Investigation of the threshold for allergic reactivity to chromium. Contact Dermatitis. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440202.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
