Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures.

Peter Glick, Susan T. Fiske, Antonio Mladinic, José L. Sáiz, Dominic J. Abrams, Barbara Masser, Bolanle E. Adetoun, Johnstone E. Osagie, Adebowale Akande, Amos A. Alao, Barbara Annetje, Tineke M. Willemsen, Kettie Chipeta, Benoît Dardenne, Ap Dijksterhuis, Daniel H. J. Wigboldus, Thomas Eckes, Iris Six-Materna, Francisca Expósito, Miguel Moya, Margaret Foddy, Hyun-Jeong Kim, María Lameiras Fernández, María José Sotelo, Angelica Mucchi‐Faina, Myrna Romani, Nuray Sakallı-Uğurlu, Bola Udegbe, Mariko Yamamoto, Miyoko Ui, Maria Cristina Ferreira, Wilson López‐López·2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
DOI 10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.763

Abstract

The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism (HS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)--subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS (an affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

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    Cuddy, Amy J. C., Fiske, Susan T., Kwan, Virginia S. Y., Glick, Peter, Demoulin, Stéphanie, Leyens, Jacques‐Philippe, Bond, Michael Harris, Croizet, Jean‐Claude, Ellemers, Naomi, Sleebos, Ed et al. · 2009 · British Journal of Social Psychology
  3. Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth.
    Judd, Charles M., James-Hawkins, Laurie, Yzerbyt, Vincent, Kashima, Yoshihisa · 2005 · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
  4. Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating
    Schmitt, David P. · 2005 · Behavioral and Brain Sciences
  5. Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: sometimes it does hurt to ask
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.763
The paper
Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Sáiz, J. L., Abrams, D. J., Masser, B., Adetoun, B. E., Osagie, J. E., Akande, A., Alao, A. A., Annetje, B., Willemsen, T. M., Chipeta, K., Dardenne, B., Dijksterhuis, A., Wigboldus, D. H. J., Eckes, T., Six-Materna, I., Expósito, F., . . . López‐López, W. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.763

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