Hindsight: Biased judgments of past events after the outcomes are known.

Scott A. Hawkins, Reid Hastie·1990·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.107.3.311

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  1. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
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  2. Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
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  3. “The Need for Cognition.”
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  4. The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
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  6. Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead.
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  7. Is memory schematic
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  8. Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.
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  9. Outcome Bias in Decision Evaluation
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  10. Perceived informativeness of facts.
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Cited by (29)

  1. Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
    Kahneman, Daniel, Frederick, Shane · 2002 · Heuristics and Biases
  2. The Affect Heuristic
    Slovic, Paul, Finucane, Melissa, Peters, Ellen, MacGregor, Donald G. · 2002 · Heuristics and Biases
  3. “Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment.”
    Dawes, Robyn M., Faust, David, Meehl, Paul E. · 1989 · Science
  4. HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known
    Kerr, Norbert L. · 1998 · Personality and Social Psychology Review
  5. Support theory: a nonextensional representation of subjective probability
    Tversky, Amos, Koehler, Derek J. · 1994 · Psychological Review

See all 855

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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Hindsight: Biased judgments of past events after the outcomes are known. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037//0033-2909.107.3.311
The paper
Hawkins, S. A., & Hastie, R. (1990). Hindsight: Biased judgments of past events after the outcomes are known. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.3.311

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