The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 240 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
Abstract
Although several psychological theories predict that members of stigmatized groups should have low global self-esteem, empirical research typically does not support this prediction. It is proposed here that this discrepancy may be explained by considering the ways in which membership in a stigmatized group may protect the self-concept It is proposed that members of stigmatized groups may (a) attribute negative feedback to prejudice against their group, (b) compare their outcomes with those of the ingroup, rather than with the relatively advantaged outgroup, and (c) selectively devalue those dimensions on which their group fares poorly and value those dimensions on which their group excels. Evidence for each of these processes and their consequences for self-esteem and motivation is reviewed. Factors that moderate the use of these strategies and implications of this analysis for treatment of stigmas are also discussed. For more than three decades, social psychological research on prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination has examined both the content of stereotypes about a variety of social groups and the effects of these stereotypes on behavior toward members of those groups. Accumulated evidence has shown that many social groups or categories of people are stigmatized in our society. People hold generally negative stereotypes about such diverse
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“normfulfillment effects on self-esteem may also apply to more refined social norms, such as age, sex, and religiosity norms (Crocker & Major, 1989;Gebauer, Wagner et al., 2012).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Crocker & Major, 1989
In the citing paper
“Further, sexual minority individuals may not have access to the same protective attributional processes that other stigmatized individuals possess by virtue of their stigma being invisible and typically not shared by parents and other early visible role models (Crocker & Major, 1989).”
From A transdiagnostic minority stress treatment approach for gay and bisexual men's syndemic health conditions (2015) · cites this paper as Crocker & Major, 1989
In the citing paper
“Because gay and bisexual men often develop their sexual orientation in relative isolation without the early support of parents and peers, they therefore cannot benefit from early socialization regarding the strengths and protections afforded by their sexual minority status, unlike visible minorities (e.g., Crocker & Major, 1989).”
From A transdiagnostic minority stress treatment approach for gay and bisexual men's syndemic health conditions (2015) · cites this paper as Crocker & Major, 1989
Citations
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Cited by
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.4.271 · Cited by 5,569
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Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Crocker, J., & Major, B.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1989-10
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 608-630
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2047982742
- Cited by
- 3,426
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 148 · 2013: 150 · 2012: 149
- FWCI
- 86.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- social stigma, self-esteem, self-protection strategies, self-concept, prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, motivation
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
