The DOI matches its Crossref record; 282 of the 282 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence.
Abstract
The neurocognitive literature on test performance in schizophrenia is reviewed quantitatively. The authors report 22 mean effect sizes from 204 studies to index schizophrenia versus control differences in global and selective verbal memory, nonverbal memory, bilateral and unilateral motor performance, visual and auditory attention, general intelligence, spatial ability, executive function, language, and interhemispheric tactile-transfer test performance. Moderate to large raw effect sizes (d > .60) were obtained for all 22 neurocognitive test variables, and none of the associated confidence intervals included zero. The results indicate that schizophrenia is characterized by a broadly based cognitive impairment, with varying degrees of deficit in all ability domains measured by standard clinical tests.
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“Other brain disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia or traumatic brain injury (TBI) can co-occur with more varying levels of cognitive performance, with either mild or severe cognitive dysfunction (Chiaravalloti & DeLuca, 2008; Heinrichs & Zakzanis, 1998; Sun, Tan, & Yu, 2014; Walker & Tesco, 2013).”
From Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: a meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Heinrichs & Zakzanis, 1998
In the citing paper
“Cognitive and (adjustment to the environment) impairments in SZ are present in coincidence with the first time psychotic symptoms appear, but also in high-risk subjects and even in early infancy, before the clinical high-risk state is apparent.[9][10][11]”
From Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
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Cited by
Fett, A.-K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001 · Cited by 1,833
Keefe, R. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011 · Cited by 1,573
Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test
Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.390 · Cited by 1,418
Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Thermenos, H. W., Milanovic, S., Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., McCarley, R. W., Shenton, M. E., Green, A. I., Nieto-Castanon, A., LaViolette, P., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809141106 · Cited by 1,435
Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia
Nuechterlein, K. H., Barch, D. M., Gold, J. M., Goldberg, T. E., Green, M. F., & Heaton, R. K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.007 · Cited by 1,304
Metadata
- Authors
- Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 426-445
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- OpenAlex
- W2075578206
- Cited by
- 2,798
- References
- 282
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 155 · 2014: 154 · 2013: 179 · 2012: 163
- FWCI
- 17.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, neurocognitive impairment, cognitive impairment, verbal memory, nonverbal memory, motor performance, attention, intelligence, spatial ability, executive function, language, interhemispheric transfer, effect size
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Intelligence, Language Disorders, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Perceptual Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Volition
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426
- The paper
- Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
