Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia
Abstract
One of the primary goals in the NIMH initiative to encourage development of new interventions for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS), has been to develop a reliable and valid consensus cognitive battery for use in clinical trials. Absence of such a battery has hampered standardized evaluation of new treatments and, in the case of pharmacological agents, has been an obstacle to FDA approval of medications targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. A fundamental step in developing such a battery was to identify the major separable cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. As part of this effort, we evaluated the empirical evidence for cognitive performance dimensions in schizophrenia, emphasizing factor analytic studies. We concluded that seven separable cognitive factors were replicable across studies and represent fundamental dimensions of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia: Speed of Processing, Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Verbal Learning and Memory, Visual Learning and Memory, Reasoning and Problem Solving, and Verbal Comprehension. An eighth domain, Social Cognition, was added due to recent increased interest in this area and other evidence of its relevance for clinical trials aiming to evaluate the impact of potential cognitive enhancers on cognitive performance and functional outcome. Verbal Comprehension was not considered appropriate for a cognitive battery intended to be sensitive to cognitive change, due to its resistance to change. The remaining seven domains were recommended for inclusion in the MATRICS-NIMH consensus cognitive battery and will serve as the basic structure for that battery. These separable cognitive dimensions also have broader relevance to future research aimed at understanding the nature and structure of core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia include significant deficits in memory, attention, working memory, problem solving, processing speed, and social cognition.
“They include significant deficits in memory, attention, working memory, problem solving, processing speed, and social cognition.1–3”
From Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Neurocognitive impairments are a core component of schizophrenia.
“Neurocognitive impairments are a core component of schizophrenia.”
From Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
During the MATRICS consensus process, perception was not identified as one of the core cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia or its treatment.
“Indeed, during the National Institute of Mental Health MATRICS (Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) consensus process, perception was not identified as one of the core cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia or its treatment (1).”
From Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia (2008) · cites this paper as [1]
Cites
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211 · see citing works
Wold, S., Esbensen, K. H., & Geladi, P. L. M. (1987) · Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems · doi:10.1016/0169-7439(87)80084-9 · Cited by 11,792 · see citing works
Goodall, C. R., & Jolliffe, I. T. (1988) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270093 · Cited by 8,677 · see citing works
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Clogg, C. C., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580595 · Cited by 8,244 · see citing works
Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Wechsler, D. (1955) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 4,941 · see citing works
Neuropsychological assessment.
Lisa Cipolotti, A., & Warrington, E. K. (1995) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.58.6.655 · Cited by 3,234 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 2,809 · see citing works
Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence.
Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426 · Cited by 2,798 · see citing works
Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence.
Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.12.3.426 · Cited by 2,791 · see citing works
A continuous performance test of brain damage
Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome, E. D., & Beck, L. H. (1956) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043220 · Cited by 2,261 · see citing works
WAIS-R manual : Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised
Wechsler, D. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Keefe, R. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Andreasen, N. C., Paradiso, S., & OʼLeary, D. S. (1998) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033321 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Function in Schizophrenia
Saykin, A. J. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810310036007 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Nuechterlein, K. H., & Dawson, M. E. (1984) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/10.2.160 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia
Saykin, A. J. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020048005 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works
Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
(1994) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.6.4.348 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress
Sagduyu, K. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1251-a · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H., Gold, J. M., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J., Essock, S., Fenton, W. S., Frese, F., Goldberg, T. E., Heaton, R. K., et al. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.023 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach
Mirsky, A. F., Anthony, B. J., Duncan, C. C., Ahearn, M. B., & Kellam, S. G. (1991) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01109051 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Visual Masking: An Integrative Approach
Breitmeyer, B. G. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Auditory Working Memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance in Schizophrenia
Gold, J. M. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140071013 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysiological Dysfunction of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia Revisited
Callicott, J. H. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.11.1078 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Neuropsychopharmacology : The Fifth Generation of Progress
Davis, K. L., Charney, D. S., Coyle, J. T., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2002) · Lippincott Williams & Wilkins eBooks · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Information Processing and Attention Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia
Braff, D. L. (1993) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/19.2.233 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Cornblatt, B. A., Risch, N. J., Faris, G., Friedman, D., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90076-5 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Stability and Course of Neuropsychological Deficits in Schizophrenia
Heaton, R. K., Gladsjo, J. A., Palmer, B. W., Kuck, J., Marcotte, T. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.24 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen, J. D., Barch, D. M., Carter, C., & Servan‐Schreiber, D. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.1.120 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial cognition in schizophrenia.
Penn, D. L., Corrigan, P. W., Bentall, R. P., Racenstein, J. M., & Newman, L. S. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.114 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairments in Patients With Schizophrenia Displaying Preserved and Compromised Intellect
Weickert, T. W., Goldberg, T. E., Gold, J. M., Bigelow, L. B., Egan, M. F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.907 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationIs it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal?
Palmer, B. W., Heaton, R. K., Paulsen, J. S., Kuck, J., Braff, D., Harris, M. J., Zisook, S., & Jeste, D. V. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.11.3.437 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental Processes in Schizophrenic Disorders: Longitudinal Studies of Vulnerability and Stress
Nuechterlein, K. H., Dawson, M. E., Gitlin, M. J., Ventura, J., Goldstein, M. J., Snyder, K. S., Yee, C. M., & Mintz, J. (1992) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/18.3.387 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Self-citationShould schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?
Green, M. F., & Nuechterlein, K. (1999) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033380 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citationNuechterlein, K. H. (1983) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.92.1.4 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationIs it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal?
Palmer, B. W., Heaton, R. K., Paulsen, J. S., et al. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.11.3.437 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial Working Memory Deficits in the Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients
Park, S. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950220031007 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Emotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia.
Mueser, K. T., Doonan, R. J., Penn, D. L., Blanchard, J. J., Bellack, A. S., Nishith, P., & de León, J. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.271 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Is Emotion Processing a Predictor of Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia?
Kee, K. S., Green, M. F., Mintz, J., & Brekke, J. S. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007021 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive deficits as treatment targets in schizophrenia
Gold, J. M. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.008 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationNuechterlein, K. H. (1983) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.92.1.4 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal Study of Cognitive Function in First-Episode and Recent-Onset Schizophrenia
Gold, S. M., Arndt, S. V., Nopoulos, P., OʼLeary, D. S., & Andreasen, N. C. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1342 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Emotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia.
Mueser, K. T., Doonan, R., Penn, D. L., et al. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.2.271 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Censits, D. M., Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(96)00091-6 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia
Dickinson, D., Iannone, V. N., Wilk, C. M., & Gold, J. M. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.010 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual Perceptual and Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia
Tek, C., Gold, J. M., Blaxton, T. A., Wilk, C. M., McMahon, R. P., & Buchanan, R. W. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.146 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neurocognitive effects of low-dose haloperidol: a two-year comparison with risperidone
Green, M. F., Marder, S. R., Glynn, S. M., McGurk, S. R., Wirshing, W. C., Wirshing, D. A., Liberman, R. P., & Mintz, J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01370-7 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationSeidman, L. J., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Kremen, W. S., Woods, B. T., Goldstein, J. M., Faraone, S. V., & Tsuang, M. T. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91254-8 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Hobart, M., Goldberg, R. W., Bartko, J. J., & Gold, J. M. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1951 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationBackward Masking in Schizophrenia and Mania
Green, M. F. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950120011003 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking and long-term memory deficits in schizophrenia: Is there a common prefrontal mechanism?
Barch, D. M., Csernansky, J. G., Conturo, T., & Snyder, A. Z. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.478 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropsychological correlates of MRI temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia
Nestor, P. G., Shenton, M. E., McCarley, R. W., Haimson, J., Smith, R. S., O’Donnell, B. F., Kimble, M., Kikinis, R., & Jolesz, F. A. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1849 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing
Steinhauer, S. R., Gruzelier, J. H., Zubin, J., & Nasrallah, H. A. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Perception of emotion and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia: what's the link?
Kee, K. S., Kern, R. S., & Green, M. F. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00083-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral and Psychophysiological Markers of Disordered Attention
Mirsky, A. F. (1987) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8774191 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Cognition in schizophrenia : impairments, importance, and treatment strategies
Sharma, T., & Harvey, P. D. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kurtz, M. M., Ragland, J. D., Bilker, W., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00060-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Tulsky, D. S., & Price, L. R. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.149 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Social cognition and schizophrenia.
Brown, E. C. (. S. ). (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10407-000 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
NIMH-MATRICS survey on assessment of neurocognition in schizophrenia
Kern, R. S., Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Deng, B.-H. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.004 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, J. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00150-6 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gladsjo, J. A., McAdams, L. A., Palmer, B. W., Moore, D. J., Jeste, D. V., & Heaton, R. K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007127 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationTheory of mind and schizophrenia.
Corcoran, R. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10407-005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Neurocognitive dimensions characterising patients with first-episode psychosis
Friis, S., Sundet, K. S., Rund, B. R., Vaglum, P., & McGlashan, T. H. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.43.s85 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kremen, W. S., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V., Pepple, J. R., & Tsuang, M. T. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199202000-00004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Testing Structural Equation Models
Dillon, W. R., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1996) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3152134 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Working Memory Dysfunction and its Relevance to Schizophrenia
Keefe, R. S. E. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192629937.003.0002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-R in patients with schizophrenia
Allen, D. N., Huegel, S. G., Seaton, B. E., Goldstein, G., Gurklis, J. A., & van Kammen, D. P. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00090-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Coleman, M. J., Cook, S., Matthysse, S., Barnard, J., Lo, Y., Levy, D. L., Rubin, D. B., & Holzman, P. S. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.425 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
SOCIAL COGNITION AND NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Lancaster, R. S., Evans, J. D., Bond, G. R., & Lysaker, P. H. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000066151.34561.de · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Principles of experimental psychopathology: Essays in honor of Brendan A. Maher.
(2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10477-000 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia: A path analytic model
Brekke, J. S., Kay, D., Kee, K. R., & Green, M. F. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)81024-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPrinciples of Experimental Psychopathology: Essays in Honor of Brendan A. Maher
Flashman, L. A. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1515 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The neuropsychological study of schizophrenia: A methodological perspective.
Strauss, M. E., & Summerfelt, A. T. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10477-008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity
Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., Essock, S., Fenton, W. S., Frese, F. J., Gold, J. M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042 · Cited by 2,342 · see citing works
Self-citationFett, A.-K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001 · Cited by 1,833 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
McGurk, S. R., Twamley, E. W., Sitzer, D. I., McHugo, G. J., & Mueser, K. T. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07060906 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review.
Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Giuliano, A. J., Goff, K. P., Faraone, S. V., & Seidman, L. J. (2009) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0014708 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Green, M. F., Penn, D. L., Bentall, R. P., Carpenter, W. T., Gäebel, W., Gur, R. C., Kring, A. M., Park, S., Silverstein, S. M., & HEINSSEN, R. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm145 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Impairment and Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Green, M. F. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.1006e12 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Self-citationAnimal models of schizophrenia
Jones, C., Watson, D., & Fone, K. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01386.x · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment
McCutcheon, R. A., Keefe, R. S. E., & McGuire, P. K. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01949-9 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization
Kern, R. S., Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Baade, L. E., Fenton, W. S., Gold, J. M., Keefe, R. S. E., Mesholam-Gately, R., Mintz, J., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Self-citationRoss, C. A., Margolis, R. L., Reading, S. A. J., Pletnikov, M. V., & Coyle, J. T. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.015 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Cognitive Functioning in Prodromal Psychosis: A Meta-analysis
Fusar-Poli, P., Deste, G., Smieskova, R., Barlati, S., Yung, A. R., Howes, O., Stieglitz, R.-D., Vita, A., McGuire, P., & Borgwardt, S. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1592 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20624 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Hippocampal Formation in Schizophrenia
Tamminga, C. A., Stan, A. D., & Wagner, A. D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081187 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Bowie, C. R., Leung, W. W.-M., Reichenberg, A., McClure, M. M., Patterson, T. L., Heaton, R. K., & Harvey, P. D. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.022 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-citationVentura, J., Hellemann, G., Thames, A. D., Koellner, V., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.035 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Self-citationStatic and Dynamic Cognitive Deficits in Childhood Preceding Adult Schizophrenia: A 30-Year Study
Reichenberg, A., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E., Murray, R. M., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040574 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Research review: attention bias modification (ABM): a novel treatment for anxiety disorders
Bar‐Haim, Y. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02251.x · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia
Keefe, R. S. E., & Harvey, P. D. (2012) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_2 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Rosenbaum, S., Vancampfort, D., Malchow, B., Schuch, F., Elliott, R., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Yung, A. R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw115 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationBaseline Neurocognitive Deficits in the CATIE Schizophrenia Trial
Keefe, R. S. E., Bilder, R. M., Harvey, P. D., Davis, S. M., Palmer, B. W., Gold, J. M., Meltzer, H. Y., Green, M. F., Miller, D. D., Canive, J. M., et al. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301072 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia
Butler, P. D., Silverstein, S. M., & Dakin, S. C. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.023 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Schmidt, S. J., Mueller, D. R., & Roder, V. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr079 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Effectiveness, Core Elements, and Moderators of Response of Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia
Vita, A., Barlati, S., Ceraso, A., Nibbio, G., Ariu, C., Deste, G., & Wykes, T. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0620 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Green, M. F. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi049 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationBuchanan, R. W. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi020 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Functional disintegration in paranoid schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI
Zhou, Y., Liang, M., Tian, L., Wang, K., Hao, Y., Liu, H., Liu, Z., & Jiang, T. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.029 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Social Cognition in Schizophrenia, Part 1: Performance Across Phase of Illness
Green, M. F., Bearden, C. E., Cannon, T. D., Fiske, A. P., Hellemann, G., Horan, W. P., Kee, K. S., Kern, R. S., Lee, J., Sergi, M. J., et al. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq171 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationStanmore, E., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., de Bruin, E. D., & Firth, J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.011 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Seidman, L. J. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.66 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Social cognition in schizophrenia: Relationships with neurocognition and negative symptoms
Sergi, M. J., Rassovsky, Y., Widmark, C., Reist, C., Erhart, S. M., BRAFF, D. L., Marder, S., & Green, M. S. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.028 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationHow should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment?
Keefe, R. S. E., & Fenton, W. S. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm046 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Kaar, S., Natesan, S., McCutcheon, R., & Howes, O. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107704 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia: Neurocognitive Endophenotypes
Gur, R. C., Calkins, M. E., Gur, R. C., Horan, W. P., Nuechterlein, K. H., Seidman, L. J., & Stone, W. S. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl055 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationBora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu198 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The primacy of cognition in schizophrenia
Heinrichs, R. W. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.3.229 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Removing Obstacles in Neuroscience Drug Discovery: The Future Path for Animal Models
Markou, A., Chiamulera, C., Geyer, M. A., Tricklebank, M., & Steckler, T. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.173 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Mahableshwarkar, A. R., Zajecka, J., Jacobson, W., Chen, Y., & Keefe, R. S. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.52 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Dominguez, M. D. G., Viechtbauer, W., Simons, C. J. P., van Os, J., & A, L. K. M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014415 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Young, J. W., Powell, S. B., Risbrough, V. B., Marston, H. M., & Geyer, M. A. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.004 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., Woods, S. W., et al. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl075 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Neurocognitive predictors of work outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia.
Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Green, M. F., Ventura, J., Asarnow, R. F., Gitlin, M. J., Yee, C. M., Gretchen-Doorly, D., & Mintz, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr084 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Patterns of Nonsocial and Social Cognitive Functioning in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Velikonja, T., Fett, A.-K. J., & Velthorst, E. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3645 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Green, M. F. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14074su1c.02 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationHalverson, T. F., Orleans-Pobee, M., Merritt, C., Sheeran, P., Fett, A.-K. J., & Penn, D. L. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.020 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Maj, M., van Os, J., De Hert, M., Gaebel, W., Galderisi, S., Green, M. F., Guloksuz, S., Harvey, P. D., Jones, P. B., Malaspina, D., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20809 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationThe MATRICS initiative: developing a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials
Green, M. F., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.006 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneral and Specific Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Goliath Defeats David?
Dickinson, D., Ragland, J. D., Gold, J. M., & Gur, R. C. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.005 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationCognition in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Determinants, and Functional Importance
Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2005) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.05.004 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Keefe, R. S. E., Sweeney, J. A., Gu, H., Hamer, R. M., Perkins, D. O., McEvoy, J. P., & Lieberman, J. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1061 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Korver‐Nieberg, N., Quee, P. J., Boos, H. B. M., Simons, C. J. P., de Haan, L., & GROUP investigators (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1352 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Subtyping schizophrenia: implications for genetic research
Jablensky, A. V. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001857 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The International Society for Bipolar Disorders–Battery for Assessment of Neurocognition (ISBD‐BANC)
Yatham, L. N., Torres, I. J., Malhi, G. S., Frangou, S., Glahn, D. C., Bearden, C. E., Burdick, K. E., Martínez‐Arán, A., Dittmann, S., Goldberg, J. F., et al. (2010) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00830.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Neurocognition: Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Schizophrenia
Lepage, M., Bodnar, M. D., & Bowie, C. R. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405900103 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Ehrenreich, H., Hinze‐Selch, D., Stawicki, S., Aust, C., Knolle-Veentjer, S., Wilms, S., Heinz, G., Erdag, S., Jahn, H., Degner, D., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001907 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) for Schizophrenia: Is It Effective?
Roder, V. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl021 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Carbon, M., & Correll, C. U. (2014) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852914000601 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Kern, R. S., Gold, J. M., Dickinson, D., Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H., Baade, L. E., Keefe, R. S. E., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Seidman, L. J., Lee, C., et al. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.008 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia: an umbrella review
Gebreegziabhere, Y., Habatmu, K., Mihretu, A., Cella, M., & Alem, A. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01416-6 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Psychomotor Slowing in Schizophrenia
Morrens, M., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl051 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Neurocognitive performance and functional disability in the psychosis prodrome
Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Johnson, J. K., McKinley, M., Loewy, R. L., O’Brien, M. P., Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., & Cannon, T. D. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.005 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationHolt, D., Kunkel, L., Weiss, A., Goff, D., Wright, C. I., Shin, L. M., Rauch, S., Hootnick, J., & Heckers, S. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.09.021 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
McCleery, A., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.3/amccleery · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationVentura, J., Wood, R. C., & Hellemann, G. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr067 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Grynszpan, O., Perbal, S., Pelissolo, A., Fossati, P., Jouvent, R., Dubal, S., & Perez-Diaz, F. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000607 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Jones, C. K., Byun, N. E., & Bubser, M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.199 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Molecular Targets for Treating Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Gray, J. A., & Roth, B. L. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm074 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Cognitive Functioning in the Schizophrenia Prodrome
Simon, A. E., Cattapan-Ludewig, K., Zmilacher, S., Arbach, D., Gruber, K., Dvorsky, D. N., Roth, B., Isler, E., Zimmer, A., & Umbricht, D. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm018 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder
Bora, E., Bartholomeusz, C., & Pantelis, C. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001993 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Zebrafish: An in vivo model for the study of neurological diseases
Best, J. D. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s2056 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Overview and systematic review of studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Nguyen, T. T., Kościółek, T., Eyler, L. T., Knight, R. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.013 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Kimhy, D., Vakhrusheva, J., Bartels, M. N., Armstrong, H. F., Ballon, J. S., Khan, S., Chang, R. W., Hansen, M. C., Ayanruoh, L., Lister, A., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv022 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Antipsychotics, Metabolic Adverse Effects, and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia
MacKenzie, N. E., Kowalchuk, C., Agarwal, S. M., Costa-Dookhan, K. A., Caravaggio, F., Gerretsen, P., Chintoh, A. F., Remington, G. J., Taylor, V. H., Müller, D. J., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00622 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Larson, M. K., Walker, E. F., & Compton, M. T. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.93 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Turner, L. R., Ventura, J., Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2008) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/31.4.2008.340.349 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia
Joyce, E. M., & Roiser, J. P. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3280ba4975 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Sevy, S. M., Burdick, K. E., Visweswaraiah, H., Abdelmessih, S., Lukin, M., Yechiam, E., & Bechara, A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.005 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Cortical Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism: A Novel Target for Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia
Wonodi, I., & Schwarcz, R. M. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Palmier‐Claus, J. E., Ainsworth, J. D., Machin, M., Barrowclough, C., Dunn, G., Barkus, E., Rogers, A. E., Wykes, T., Kapur, S., Buchan, I. E., et al. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-172 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Gilmour, G., Dix, S. L., Fellini, L., Gastambide, F., Plath, N., Steckler, T., Talpos, J. C., & Tricklebank, M. D. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.015 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Enomoto, T., Tse, M. T., & Floresco, S. B. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.038 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Cognitive and symptomatic predictors of functional disability in schizophrenia
Shamsi, S. J., Lau, A., Lencz, T., Burdick, K. E., DeRosse, P., Brenner, R., Lindenmayer, J., & Malhotra, A. K. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.007 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder
Burdick, K. E., Goldberg, T. E., Cornblatt, B. A., Keefe, R. S. E., Gopin, C. B., DeRosse, P., Braga, R. J., & Malhotra, A. K. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.36 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationRoder, V., Mueller, D. R., & Schmidt, S. J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr072 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Brekke, J. S., Hoe, M., Long, J. D., & Green, M. F. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl072 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationKurtz, M. M., Gagen, E. C., Rocha, N., Machado, S. E. D. C., & Penn, D. L. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.003 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Lieberman, J. A., Dunbar, G. C., Segreti, A. C., Girgis, R. R., Seoane, F., Beaver, J. S., Duan, N., & Hosford, D. A. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.259 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Assessing cognitive function in clinical trials of schizophrenia
Barnett, J. H., Robbins, T. W., Leeson, V. C., Sahakian, B. J., Joyce, E. M., & Blackwell, A. D. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Carter, C. S., Barch, D. M., Buchanan, R. W., Bullmore, E. T., Krystal, J. H., Cohen, J. D., Geyer, M. A., Green, M. M., Nuechterlein, K. H., Robbins, T. W., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.020 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationVentura, J., Thames, A. D., Wood, R. C., Guzik, L. H., & Hellemann, G. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.033 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Buchanan, R. W., Keefe, R. S. E., Lieberman, J. A., Barch, D. M., Csernansky, J. G., Goff, D. C., Gold, J. M., Green, M. F., Jarskog, L. F., Javitt, D. C., et al. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.052 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationGalantamine for the treatment of cognitive impairments in people with schizophrenia
Buchanan, R. W., Conley, R. R., Dickinson, D., Ball, M. P., Feldman, S., Gold, J. M., & McMahon, R. P. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07050724 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationA pilot study of social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., Roberts, D. L., Munt, E. D., Silverstein, E. M., Jones, N., & Sheitman, B. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.011 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Buchanan, R. W., Freedman, R., Javitt, D. C., Abi‐Dargham, A., & Lieberman, J. A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm083 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Cadinu, D., Grayson, B., Podda, G., Harte, M., Doostdar, N., & Neill, J. C. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.045 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The family of sensorimotor gating disorders: Comorbidities or diagnostic overlaps?
Geyer, M. A. (2006) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033358 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Allott, K., Liu, P., Proffitt, T., & Killackey, E. J. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.001 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies
Linssen, A. M. W., Sambeth, A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., & Riedel, W. J. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713001594 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?
Keefe, R. S. E. (2008) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00142.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Meta-analytic review of neurocognition in bipolar II disorder
Bora, E., Yücel, M., Pantelis, C., & Berk, M. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01638.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Course of Neurocognition and Social Functioning in Individuals at Ultra High Risk for Psychosis
Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Zinberg, J. L., Johnson, J. K., O’Brien, M. P., & Cannon, T. D. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm020 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nuechterlein, K. H., Barch, D. M., Gold, J. M., Goldberg, T. E., Green, M. F., & Heaton, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nuechterlein, Keith H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-39
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115821201
- Cited by
- 1,304
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01mh022006-001)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH22006, P50MH066286, MH-66286)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Attention, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Severity of Illness Index, Social Perception, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Visual Perception, Reproducibility of Results, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
