The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factor structure of the working alliance inventory
Abstract
The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients
Overview
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This measure has strong psychometric properties and has been used widely in psychotherapy research [57].”
In the citing paper
“The WAI and WAI-S has previously demonstrated reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989
In the citing paper
“The time of administration of the WAI (in terms of the number of sessions) has been found to influence the rating of the working alliance [5,29].”
From Does the Quality of the Working Alliance Predict Treatment Outcome in Online Psychotherapy for Traumatized Patients? (2006) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“High scores were also found on the non-VR-specific WAI-short form (WAI-S) [32].”
In the citing paper
“Additional outcome measures included treatment adherence, validated by the number of missed appointments and dropouts, medication compliance, satisfaction with treatment, and working alliance, measured by the following self-reported instruments: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) [16], Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) [17], and the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory”
From Home-based psychiatric outpatient care through videoconferencing for depression: a randomized controlled follow-up trial (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
Cites
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.
Bordin, E. S. (1979) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0085885 · Cited by 5,238
Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · Cited by 3,953
Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520
The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook.
Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. M. (1986) · Cited by 1,386
The development of the Working Alliance Inventory.
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1986) · Cited by 529
The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000085132001 · Cited by 515
Two Helping Alliance Methods for Predicting Outcomes of Psychotherapy
Luborsky, L. B., Crits-Christoph, P. F., Alexander, L. B., Margolis, M., & COHEN, M. (1983) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198308000-00005 · Cited by 297
Brief Psychotherapy of Bereavement Reactions
Horowitz, M. J. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790160024002 · Cited by 208
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review
Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.3.438 · Cited by 3,355
Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory
Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500352500 · Cited by 1,355
“do Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica O Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) e a sua versão reduzida (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) são frequentemente utilizadas na avaliação da aliança em terapia.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.
Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., & Utsey, S. O. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032595 · Cited by 1,317
“The WAI-SF consists of 12 items that measure three aspects of a strong working alliance with the therapist: task (e.g., “What I was doing in counseling gave me new ways of looking at my problem”), goal (e.g., “My counselor and I were working towards mutually agreed upon goals”), and bond (e.g., “My counselor and I tru…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCloître, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,099
“The therapeutic relationship was assessed using the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1998), in which the total score is an average of items rated on an 8-point scale ranging from 0 to 7.”
MethodCloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,097
Metadata
- Authors
- Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Tracey, Terence J.
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 207-210
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2091499037
- Cited by
- 1,501
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings
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- Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
