The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factor structure of the working alliance inventory
Abstract
The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients
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In the citing paper
“This measure has strong psychometric properties and has been used widely in psychotherapy research [57].”
In the citing paper
“The WAI and WAI-S has previously demonstrated reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989
In the citing paper
“The time of administration of the WAI (in terms of the number of sessions) has been found to influence the rating of the working alliance [5,29].”
From Does the Quality of the Working Alliance Predict Treatment Outcome in Online Psychotherapy for Traumatized Patients? (2006) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“High scores were also found on the non-VR-specific WAI-short form (WAI-S) [32].”
In the citing paper
“Additional outcome measures included treatment adherence, validated by the number of missed appointments and dropouts, medication compliance, satisfaction with treatment, and working alliance, measured by the following self-reported instruments: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) [16], Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) [17], and the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory”
From Home-based psychiatric outpatient care through videoconferencing for depression: a randomized controlled follow-up trial (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
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Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review
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Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory
Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500352500 · Cited by 1,355
“do Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica O Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) e a sua versão reduzida (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) são frequentemente utilizadas na avaliação da aliança em terapia.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.
Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., & Utsey, S. O. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032595 · Cited by 1,317
“The WAI-SF consists of 12 items that measure three aspects of a strong working alliance with the therapist: task (e.g., “What I was doing in counseling gave me new ways of looking at my problem”), goal (e.g., “My counselor and I were working towards mutually agreed upon goals”), and bond (e.g., “My counselor and I tru…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCloître, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,099
“The therapeutic relationship was assessed using the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1998), in which the total score is an average of items rated on an 8-point scale ranging from 0 to 7.”
MethodCloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,097
Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022140 · Cited by 823
“Inventory [WAI]; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) as well as self-report indices measuring the occurrence of ruptures, rupture intensity, and the extent to which ruptures were resolved.”
BackgroundArdito, R. B., & Rabellino, D. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00270 · Cited by 647
Munder, T., Wilmers, F., Leonhart, R., Linster, H. W., & Barth, J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.658 · Cited by 538
“In comparisons to the WAI and a previous short version of the WAI (WAIS; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), the WAI-SR demonstrated a clearer representation of the alliance dimensions and an improved model fi t in confi rmatory factor analysis (CFA) by excluding negatively worded items.”
MethodThe conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review
Elvins, R., & Green, J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.002 · Cited by 534
Working Alliance in Online Therapy as Compared to Face-to-Face Therapy: Preliminary Results
Cook, J. E., & Doyle, C. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102753770480 · Cited by 503
“Both confirmatory 35 and exploratory 36 factor analysis have revealed that the composite score is the most salient measurement of working alliance.”
Using Measurement-Based Care to Enhance Any Treatment
Scott, K., & Lewis, C. C. (2015) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.01.010 · Cited by 461
“Assessment of the alliance via self-report (e.g., using the Working Alliance Short Form; WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) may be especially important for both child and adult psychotherapy (Elvins & Green, 2008), although observer and clinician reports may also be useful for gauging the quality of the alliance (see Ma…”
MethodTherapeutic alliance as a mediator of change: A systematic review and evaluation of research
Baier, A. L., Kline, A. C., & Feeny, N. C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101921 · Cited by 441
Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships.
Constantine, M. G. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1 · Cited by 481
“Wade, J. C. (2005). The issue of race in counseling psychology.”
BackgroundTherapeutic alliance in videoconferencing psychotherapy: A review
Simpson, S. G., & Reid, C. L. (2014) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12149 · Cited by 420
Knaevelsrud, C., & Maercker, A. (2007) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-7-13 · Cited by 398
Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Anderson, P. L., Price, M., Edwards, S. M., Obasaju, M. A., Schmertz, S. K., Zimand, E., & Calamaras, M. R. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033559 · Cited by 371
The physician–patient working alliance
Fuertes, J. N., Mislowack, A., Bennett, J., Paul, L., Gilbert, T. C., Fontan, G., & Boylan, L. S. (2006) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2006.09.013 · Cited by 378
The Therapeutic Relationship in E-Therapy for Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Sucala, M., Schnur, J. B., Constantino, M. J., Miller, S. J., Brackman, E. H., & Montgomery, G. H. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2084 · Cited by 344
“Two other studies [19,20] used the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory [30].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHatcher, R. L., & Barends, A. W. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1326 · Cited by 358
Luoma, J. B., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K., & Rye, A. K. (2008) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350701850295 · Cited by 353
“The Working Alliance Inventory–Short Form (Tracey and Kokotovic 1989), is composed of 12 items.”
MethodNorwood, C., Moghaddam, N. G., Malins, S., & Sabin‐Farrell, R. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2315 · Cited by 324
Interchangeability of the Working Alliance Inventory and Working Alliance Inventory, Short Form.
Busseri, M. A., & Tyler, J. D. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.193 · Cited by 337
The therapeutic alliance and its relationship to alcoholism treatment participation and outcome.
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“Therapeutic alliance. Therapeutic alliance was measured by the 12item version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1998 ).”
MethodA conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes
Simpson, D. D. (2004) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2004.06.001 · Cited by 333
A meta-analytic examination of client–therapist perspectives of the working alliance
Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C., & Hammel, E. F. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701320611 · Cited by 286
“The majority of data sets ( n =27 [52%]) used the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989b ) exclusively, and an additional 13 (25%) exclusively used the Working Alliance Inventory–short version (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ).”
MethodThe Supervisory Working Alliance, Trainee Self‐Efficacy, and Satisfaction
Ladany, N., Ellis, M. V., & Friedlander, M. L. (1999) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02472.x · Cited by 281
Woods, M. P., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.06.037 · Cited by 280
“The WAI has been shown to be have good reliability (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundWorking alliance in the early phase of counseling.
Kokotovic, A. M., & Tracey, T. J. G. (1990) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.37.1.16 · Cited by 277
Self-citationThe coach‐coachee relationship in executive coaching: A field study
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The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) experiment: rationale, study design and analysis plans
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“The WAI was administered during Week 2 (after 3–4 sessions), Week 6 (after 8–12 sessions), and Week 12 (after 16–20 sessions).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEames, V., & Roth, A. (2000) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/10.4.421 · Cited by 267
Johnson, J. E., Burlingame, G. M., Olsen, J. A., Davies, D. R., & Gleave, R. L. (2005) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.310 · Cited by 263
Howgego, I. M., Yellowlees, P., Owen, C. A., Meldrum, L., & Dark, F. L. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01131.x · Cited by 251
“Reliability and validity have been established [15,21,24,26].”
Wintersteen, M. B., Mensinger, J. L., & Diamond, G. S. (2005) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.400 · Cited by 245
Karver, M. S., De Nadai, A. S., Monahan, M., & Shirk, S. R. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000176 · Cited by 234
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“The four highest-loading items on the Task, Bond, and Goal subscales were used to form the WAI-Short, and each subscale demonstrates strong internal consistency estimates (a¼ .90, .92, and .90, respectively) (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Addington, J., Epstein, I., Liu, L., French, P., Boydell, K. M., & Zipursky, R. B. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.015 · Cited by 226
“The three sub-scores from the WAI-SF (therapeutic bond, client and therapist agreement on goals, client and therapist agreement on tasks) can range from7 to 28.”
MethodBerry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. J. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.009 · Cited by 222
Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Andersson, E., Hesser, H., Lindfors, P., Hursti, T., Rydh, S., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., & Andersson, G. (2011) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.139 · Cited by 218
“After 4 weeks of treatment, we also administered the working alliance inventory (”
MethodGaston, L. (1991) · Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.1.68 · Cited by 219
Gross, M., Moore, Z. E., Gardner, F. L., Wolanin, A. T., Pess, R., & Marks, D. R. (2018) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2016.1250802 · Cited by 213
“Although the WAI-S measures three specific alliance factors, according to Tracey and Kokotovic (1989), it “measures primarily” the general alliance factor.”
MethodInfluentialEffective and Ineffective Supervision
Ladany, N., Mori, Y., & Mehr, K. E. (2012) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000012442648 · Cited by 214
“The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) and the Working Alliance Inventory–Short (WAI-Short; Tracey & Kotovic, 1989) are widely utilized as measures of the therapeutic alliance.”
MethodAndersson, G., Paxling, B., Wiwe, M., Vernmark, K., Felix, C. B., Lundborg, L., Furmark, T., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.003 · Cited by 202
Measuring the working alliance in advisor–advisee relationships in graduate school.
Schlosser, L. Z., & Gelso, C. J. (2001) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.48.2.157 · Cited by 211
Bachelor, A. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.792 · Cited by 203
“Together, these results suggest, in line with prior findings (e.g., Gaston et al., 1992; Hatcher, 1999; Hatcher & Barends, 1996; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), that the therapy participants, and in particular clients, construe the core components of the alliance differently than proposed by the…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Impact of Interpersonal Patient and Therapist Behavior on Outcome in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Keijsers, G. P. J., Schaap, C. P. D. R., & Hoogduin, C. A. L. (2000) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445500242006 · Cited by 221
“Studies thus far indicate that the goal, task, and bond-scales of the WAI are strongly intercorrelated (Horvath & Greenberg, 1986; Salvio, Beutler, Wood, & Engle, 1992; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundPatterns of working alliance development: A typology of client's working alliance ratings.
Kivlighan, D. M., & Shaughnessy, P. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.362 · Cited by 202
Emotional Processing During Experiential Treatment of Depression.
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“The WAI is made up of three alliance subscales that assess the bond, and agreement on both therapy tasks and goals (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundEffect-Size Measures and Meta-Analytic Thinking in Counseling Psychology Research
Henson, R. K. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000005283558 · Cited by 200
“…Greenberg, 1989) yields scores ranging from 36 to 252, whereas the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (Gaston & Marmar, 1994) yields scores ranging from 24 to 168, both of which differ from the brief form of the Working Alliance Inventory (range = 12 to 84; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundCounselor training level and the formation of the psychotherapeutic working alliance.
Mallinckrodt, B. S., & Nelson, M. L. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.133 · Cited by 200
Trainee nondisclosure in supervision: What are they not telling you?
Mehr, K. E., Ladany, N., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2010) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733141003712301 · Cited by 193
“The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) and the Working Alliance Inventory-Short (WAI-Short; Tracey & Kotovic, 1989) are utilised extensively as measures of the therapeutic alliance.”
MethodForbes, D., Lloyd, D., Nixon, R. D. V., Elliott, P., Varker, T., Perry, D., Bryant, R. A., & Creamer, M. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.006 · Cited by 193
“In addition, at the third session participants in both conditions rated the quality of the therapeutic alliance by completing the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
MethodKnaevelsrud, C., & Maercker, A. (2006) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8.4.e31 · Cited by 184
“The short form of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-S) was administered at the fourth treatment session.”
InfluentialTherapeutic alliances in couple and family therapy: An empirically informed guide to practice.
Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., & Heatherington, L. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11410-000 · Cited by 189
Addressing racial and ethnic microaggressions in therapy
Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Imel, Z. E., Wampold, B. E., & Rodolfa, E. (2014) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0037420 · Cited by 143
Dropouts versus completers among chronically depressed outpatients
Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C., Manber, R., Constantino, M. J., Markowitz, J. C., Klein, D. N., Thase, M. E., Kocsis, J. H., & Rush, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.017 · Cited by 182
Hilsenroth, M. J., Peters, E. J., & Ackerman, S. J. (2004) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8303_14 · Cited by 176
“S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), and the CALPAS to examine the relationship of patient- and therapist-rated alliance between the 5th and 10th sessions.”
BackgroundMuran, J. C., Safran, J. D., Gorman, B. S., Samstag, L. W., Eubanks, C. F., & Winston, A. (2009) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0016085 · Cited by 201
“One is the 12-item version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI: Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), from which an overall mean score can be calculated.”
The factor structure of the working alliance inventory in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Andrusyna, T. P., Tang, T., DeRubeis, R. J., & Luborsky, L. B. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 174
Adolescent and Parent Alliance and Treatment Outcome in Multidimensional Family Therapy.
Shelef, K., Diamond, G. M., Diamond, G. S., & Liddle, H. A. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.4.689 · Cited by 173
Hersoug, A. G., Høglend, P. A., Monsen, J. T., & Havik, O. E. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 173
Stubbings, D. R., Rees, C. S., Roberts, L. D., & Kane, R. T. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2564 · Cited by 162
“There were no significant differences between conditions in client ratings of the Working Alliance Inventory Short Form (t21=–0.63, P=.53, one-tailed, d=–0.26), or in therapist ratings (t22=0.53, P=.60, one-tailed, d=0.23), and client ratings of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (t22=–0.29, P=.77, one-tailed, d=–0…”
InfluentialStrunk, D. R., Brotman, M. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.011 · Cited by 169
“The short form of theWorking Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a set of 12 Likerttype items used to assess the therapeutic alliance.”
MethodLy, K. H., Topooco, N., Cederlund, H., Wallin, A., Bergström, J., Molander, O., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126559 · Cited by 171
An Exploratory Study of Client Perceptions of Internet Counseling and the Therapeutic Alliance
Leibert, T. W., Archer, J., Munson, J., & York, G. (2006) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.28.1.f0h37djrw89nv6vb · Cited by 172
“Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S).”
MethodInfluentialAnalysis of the development of the working alliance using hierarchical linear modeling.
Kivlighan, D. M., & Shaughnessy, P. (1995) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.3.338 · Cited by 170
Keller, S. M., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020758 · Cited by 170
“The Working Alliance Inventory 12 item short form (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a well validated measure used to assess client-rated therapeutic alli ance.”
MethodHagen, K. A., Ogden, T., & Bjørnebekk, G. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.546050 · Cited by 176
“Therapeutic alliance was assessed by the Working Alliance Inventory 12-item Short Form (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ).”
MethodCountertransference, attachment, and the working alliance: The therapist's contribution.
Ligiero, D., & Gelso, C. J. (2002) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.3 · Cited by 170
Bennett, J., Fuertes, J. N., Keitel, M. A., & Phillips, R. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.08.005 · Cited by 168
The physician-patient working alliance: Theory, research, and future possibilities
Fuertes, J. N., Toporovsky, A., Reyes, M., & Osborne, J. B. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.10.018 · Cited by 167
Arnow, B. A., Steidtmann, D. K., Blasey, C. M., Manber, R., Constantino, M. J., Klein, D. N., Markowitz, J. C., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Thase, M. E., Fisher, A. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031530 · Cited by 166
“The WAI short form is a 12-item self-report measure derived from the full 36-item WAI (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPreschl, B., Maercker, A., & Wagner, B. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-189 · Cited by 158
“In this study, both the client and the therapist version of the 12-item WAI-S [36] were administered at post-treatment.”
MethodReliability Generalization of Working Alliance Inventory Scale Scores
Hanson, W. E., Curry, K. T., & Bandalos, D. L. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004008 · Cited by 161
“The WAI-S is a 12-item self-report measure of WA (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
InfluentialPriebe, S., Richardson, M. A., Cooney, M., Adedeji, O., & McCabe, R. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000320976 · Cited by 161
The role of the early therapeutic alliance in predicting drug treatment dropout
Meier, P. S., Donmall, M. C., McElduff, P., Barrowclough, C., & Heller, R. F. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.010 · Cited by 160
Mechanisms of anger and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Forbes, D., Parslow, R., Creamer, M. C., Allen, N. B., McHugh, T., & Hopwood, M. (2008) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20315 · Cited by 158
Rupture Resolution Rating System (3RS): Development and validation
Eubanks, C. F., Lubitz, J., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2018.1552034 · Cited by 159
“The PSQ included a 12-item version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI: Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), which was used to assess the quality of the therapeutic alliance.”
MethodPredicting the therapeutic alliance in alcoholism treatment.
Connors, G. J., DiClemente, C. C., Dermen, K. H., Kadden, R. M., Carroll, K. M., & Frone, M. R. (2000) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2000.61.139 · Cited by 154
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032871 · Cited by 153
“Working Alliance Inventory—Short (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a reliable, valid 12-item measure of client and therapist perceptions of the agreement in the goals and tasks of therapy as well as the therapeutic bond.”
BackgroundSauer, E. M., Lopez, F. G., & Gormley, B. (2003) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/kpg027 · Cited by 154
“overriding alliance factor appears to be the most salient dimension measured by the WAI” ( Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989, p. 209 ).”
BackgroundPatton, M. J., & Jr. Kivlighan Dennis, M. (1997) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.1.108 · Cited by 152
“Specifically, a confirmatory factor analysis of the WAI by Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) revealed a hierarchical factor structure with three first-order factors (bond, tasks, and goals) and a second-order general alliance factor.”
MethodA meta-analysis of the relation between patient adult attachment style and the working alliance
Bernecker, S. L., Levy, K. N., & Ellison, W. D. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.809561 · Cited by 169
Two aspects of the therapeutic alliance: Differential relations with depressive symptom change.
Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Hollon, S. D., & Dimidjian, S. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023252 · Cited by 150
“S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989; Tichenor & Hill, 1989).”
Contribution of therapist experience and personal characteristics to the working alliance.
Dunkle, J. H., & Friedlander, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.456 · Cited by 191
Mallinckrodt, B. S. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.4.401 · Cited by 147
Hawley, K. M., & Garland, A. F. (2008) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-008-9050-x · Cited by 144
“Horvath and Greenberg 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic 1989 ).”
BackgroundParish, M., & Eagle, M. N. (2003) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.20.2.271 · Cited by 145
Therapist predictors of early patient-rated working alliance: a multilevel approach
Nissen-Lie, H. A., Monsen, J. T., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2010) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.497633 · Cited by 144
“The early working alliance between patient and therapist, rated by the patients, was assessed using the short version of the WAI (Horvath & Greenberg, 1986), which is comprised of 12 items (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
MethodInfluentialWorking alliance, attachment memories, and social competencies of women in brief therapy.
Mallinckrodt, B. S., Coble, H. M., & Gantt, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.1.79 · Cited by 144
Ljótsson, B., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Lackner, J. M., El Alaoui, S., Falk, L., Aspvall, K., Fransson, J., Hammarlund, K., Löfström, A., et al. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.007 · Cited by 141
Rooksby, M., Elouafkaoui, P., Humphris, G., Clarkson, J., & Freeman, R. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.006 · Cited by 143
Karver, M., Shirk, S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., Crisp, H., Gudmundsen, G., & McMakin, D. (2008) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426607312536 · Cited by 141
Shattock, L., Berry, K., Degnan, A., & Edge, D. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2135 · Cited by 137
“Alliance was most frequently assessed (n = 11) using the Working Alliance Inventory‐Short Form (WAI‐SF; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
MethodChasing change talk: The clinician's role in evoking client language about change
Glynn, L. H., & Moyers, T. B. (2010) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.03.012 · Cited by 136
Marmarosh, C. L., Gelso, C. J., Markin, R. D., Majors, R., Mallery, C., & Choi, J. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015169 · Cited by 135
The Working Alliance in Coaching
Gessnitzer, S., & Kauffeld, S. (2015) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886315576407 · Cited by 136
“For bonding, which is 188 The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 51(2) defined as the trust and liking between coach and client (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), we used the frequencies of the codes “bonding” and “appraisal” from the act4consulting coding scheme to measure the amount of bonding…”
MethodInfluentialThe mentor-youth alliance: The role of mentoring relationships in promoting youth competence
Zand, D. H., Thomson, N., Cervantes, R., Espiritu, R., Klagholz, D., LaBlanc, L., & Taylor, A. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.006 · Cited by 130
Metadata
- Authors
- Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Tracey, Terence J.
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 207-210
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2091499037
- Cited by
- 1,501
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings
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