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Bootstraps taxometrics: Solving the classification problem in psychopathology
Abstract
Classification in psychopathology is a problem in applied mathematics; it answers the empirical question "Is the latent structure of these phenotypic indicator correlations taxonic (categories) or nontaxonic (dimensions, factors)?" It is not a matter of convention or preference. Two taxometric procedures, MAMBAC and MAXCOV-HITMAX, provide independent tests of the taxonic conjecture and satisfactorily accurate estimates of the taxon base rate, the latent means, and the valid and false-positive rates achievable by various cuts. The method requires no gold standard criterion, applying crude fallible diagnostic "criteria" only in the phase of discovery to identify plausible candidate indicators. Confidence in the inference to taxonic structure and numerical accuracy of latent values is provided by multiple consistency tests, hence the term coherent cut kinetics for the general approach. Further revision of diagnostic systems should be based on taxometric analysis rather than on committee decisions based on clinical impressions and nontaxometric research.
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“Satisfying these requirements, for the four indicators, mean full sample r = 0.37 and mean taxon and complement rs ≤ 0.06.”
From A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Meehl, 1995
In the citing paper
“This condition was satisfied in the current study (for all indicators, d ≥ 1.25)2.”
From A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Meehl, 1995
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Items 101–200 of 507
Godleski, S. A., & Ostrov, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9391-4 · Cited by 83
“…do have inherent limitations (e.g., statistical limitations; Cohen 1983; MacCallum et al. 2002) and as such a dimensional approach may be more appropriate particularly with smaller sample sizes or in cases when boundaries between categories are not empirically determined (Dwyer 1996; Meehl 1995).”
BackgroundConsideration of the Challenges, Complications, and Pitfalls of Taxometric Analysis.
Lenzenweger, M. F. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.10 · Cited by 75
The dimensional view of personality disorders: a review of the taxometric evidence
Haslam, N. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00208-8 · Cited by 73
A personality classification system for eating disorders: a longitudinal study.
Thompson-Brenner, H., Eddy, K., Franko, D., Dorer, D., Vashchenko, M., Kass, A. E., & Herzog, D. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.04.002 · Cited by 78
“The resulting dimensional scores gauge the degree to which the subject matches each prototype and make no assumptions about whether the prototypes themselves are constellational dimensions vs taxa [44].”
BackgroundDo anorexia and bulimia nervosa occur on a continuum? A taxometric analysis
Gleaves, D. H., Lowe, M. R., Green, B. A., Cororve, M. B., & Williams, T. L. (2000) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(00)80012-x · Cited by 73
Performing Taxometric Analysis to Distinguish Categorical and Dimensional Variables
Ruscio, J., Ruscio, A. M., & Carney, L. M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.010910 · Cited by 72
“Dissatisfied with the ability of available methods to distinguish between categorical and dimensional latent variables, he created his own taxometric method as a practical solution to a pressing problem in psychopathological research (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA taxometric investigation of dissociation in Vietnam veterans
Waelde, L. C., Silvern, L. E., & Fairbank, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20034 · Cited by 72
Hummelen, B., Wilberg, T., Pedersen, G., & Karterud, S. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181775a4e · Cited by 72
“According to Meehl (1999), a more appropriate way to”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEdens, J., Marcus, D. K., & Vaughn, M. (2011) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9230-8 · Cited by 71
Horan, W. P., Blanchard, J. J., Gangestad, S. W., & Kwapil, T. R. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.3.339 · Cited by 73
“In-depth discussions of the philosophical rationale and computational formulae associated with taxometrics may be found elsewhere (Meehl, 1992; Meehl, 1995a; Meehl, 1999; Waller & Meehl, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Typology of Youth Civic Engagement in Urban Middle Schools
Voight, A. M., & Torney-Purta, J. V. (2013) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2013.836041 · Cited by 71
Psychiatric disorders: natural kinds made by the world or practical kinds made by us?
Zachar, P. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20240 · Cited by 92
“A psychiatric taxonomy of natural kinds is at present only an aspirational ideal (8,9).”
BackgroundTaxonic Structure of Infant Reactivity: Evidence From a Taxometric Perspective
Woodward, S. A., Lenzenweger, M. F., Kagan, J., Snidman, N. C., & Arcus, D. M. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00259 · Cited by 67
“MAXCOV is a relatively new statistical procedure for detecting the existence of latent classes, but one that has proved profitable in theory-guided investigations in psychopathology and personality (cf. Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundIs Hypersexuality Dimensional? Evidence for the DSM-5 from General Population and Clinical Samples
Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A., & Långström, N. (2011) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9719-8 · Cited by 68
“Our objective with the current series of studies was to investigate the latent structure of Hypersexual Disorder in both representative general population and clinical samples using Ruscio’s (2007) comparison curve approach.”
Strong, D. R., Lesieur, H. R., Breen, R. B., Stinchfield, R. D., & Lejuez, C. W. (2003) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.017 · Cited by 68
Beauchaine, T. P., & Waters, E. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.1.3 · Cited by 64
“Because MAXCOV has also been described in detail elsewhere (e.g., Beauchaine & Beauchaine, 2002; Meehl, 1995a; Meehl & Yonce, 1996), it is outlined only briefly here.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialContinuity and discontinuity models of bulimia nervosa: A taxometric investigation.
Gleaves, D. H., Lowe, M. R., Snow, A. C., et al. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.56 · Cited by 64
What can dependence theories tell us about assessing the emergence of tobacco dependence?
Tiffany, S. T., Conklin, C. A., Shiffman, S. S., & Clayton, R. R. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00734.x · Cited by 64
“These methods, which were developed originally by Paul Meehl and colleagues ( Meehl 1973, 1995, 1999; Golden & Meehl 1979; Meehl & Yonce 1994; Waller & Meehl 1998), involve a family of taxometric procedures for identifying qualitative boundaries that demarcate latent groups or taxa.”
MethodNormal Versus Pathological Mood: Implications for Diagnosis.
Ruscio, A. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095644 · Cited by 56
“…is typically lower than that associated with syndromal depression,but on l y is substantial in absolute terms (Broadhead et al.1990,Wagner et al.2000) and higher than the disability associated with major chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and arthritis severity of depressive symptoms…”
Negative attributional style, hopelessness depression and endogenous depression
Joiner, T. E. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00160-6 · Cited by 65
“These five BDI items are the same set that Joiner et al. (1999) reported comprised a hopelessness depression taxon1, using Meehl’s taxometric procedures (e.g. Meehl, 1973, 1995a, 1995b).”
MethodCognitive vulnerability to depression: A taxometric analysis
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Beevers, C. G., & Miller, I. W. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.81 · Cited by 60
“Meehl and his colleagues ( Meehl, 1995, 1999; Meehl & Yonce, 1994, 1996; Waller & Meehl, 1998; see also Joiner & Schmidt, 2002) have developed a set of taxometric procedures used to determine whether the construct examined is best considered as dimensional or categorical (i.e., taxonic).”
MethodAttachment in US children experiencing nonmaternal care in the early 1990s
Friedman, S. L., & Boyle, D. E. (2008) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730802113570 · Cited by 61
“They did so using the data from the NICHD SECCYD and analytical methods developed by Meehl and his colleagues (Meehl, 1973 , 1995 ; Meehl & Younce, 1996 ; Waller & Meehl, 1998 ).”
MethodFraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.423 · Cited by 71
Discriminating among Diagnostic Categories Using the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule
Ross, C. A., & Ellason, J. W. (2005) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.96.2.445-453 · Cited by 59
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., Fauber, A. L., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20091 · Cited by 58
Incredible Utility: The Lost Causes and Causal Debris of Psychological Science
Richters, J. E. (2021) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2021.1979003 · Cited by 58
Taxometric Analyses of Specific Language Impairment in 3- and 4-Year-Old Children
Dollaghan, C. A. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/037 · Cited by 57
A Taxometric Investigation of Developmental Dyslexia Subtypes
O'BRIEN, B. A., Wolf, M., & Lovett, M. W. (2012) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1431 · Cited by 57
Defining Autism Subgroups: A Taxometric Solution
Ingram, D. G., Takahashi, T. N., & Miles, J. H. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0469-y · Cited by 54
“The GFI is a measure of how well the observed variance‐covariance matrix fits the predicted variance‐covariance matrix; generally, values [0.90 indicate taxonic structure ( Meehl 1995 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialToward a Clinically‐Oriented Model of Anxiety Disorders
Norton, P. J. (2006) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070500441561 · Cited by 56
Differentiating Categories and Dimensions: Evaluating the Robustness of Taxometric Analyses
Ruscio, J., & Kaczetow, W. (2009) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170902794248 · Cited by 55
“Meehl and colleagues (eg, Meehl, 1995a ; Meehl & Yonce, 1994 , 1996 ; Waller & Meehl, 1998 ) developed a family of taxometric data-analytic procedures to help researchers make the deceptively simple determination of whether the latent structure of a construct is best characterized as taxonic or dimensional.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChildhood disintegrative disorder
Hendry, C. D. N. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00094-4 · Cited by 55
Fitting latent variable mixture models
Lubke, G. H., & Luningham, J. M. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.003 · Cited by 54
The distribution of psychopathy among a household population: categorical or dimensional?
Coid, J. W., & Yang, M. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0363-8 · Cited by 53
“Iterative estimation [ 22 ] and external validation of the identified taxon are frequently required [31].”
Latent structure of psychotic experiences in the general population
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“Whereas the latent structure of a construct refers to its underlying structure as categorical or continuous irrespective of how it is measured, its manifest structure refers to its structure as reflected in observable measures (17, 18).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeehl, P. E. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.339 · Cited by 53
Self-citationThe nature of the depressive experience in analogue and clinically depressed samples
Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., Borger, S. C., & Parker, J. D. A. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00107-7 · Cited by 53
Binge eating disorder: A review of the literature after publication of DSM-IV
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Lubke, G. H., & Tueller, S. (2010) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2010.510050 · Cited by 57
“Then cases with the highest scores are assigned to the second class such that the proportion of cases in the second class equals the estimate of the base rate for the second class (Ruscio, 2007; Ruscio et al., 2006). After assigning subjects to classes, within-class means and correlations can be computed to assess mod…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmpirical Identification and Validation of Eating Disorder Phenotypes in a Multisite Clinical Sample
Eddy, K. T., Crosby, R. D., Keel, P. K., Wonderlich, S. A., Grange, D. L., Hill, L., Powers, P. S., & Mitchell, J. E. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181927389 · Cited by 53
“Future research using taxometric analyses would allow for examination of this question (Beauchaine, 2003; Meehl, 1995; Wonderlich et al, 2007).”
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidal Self-Injury: A Taxometric Investigation.
Orlando, C. M., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Whitlock, J., Curtin, L., & Michael, K. D. (2015) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.01.002 · Cited by 53
Evaluating Latent Discontinuity in Cognitive Vulnerability to Panic: A Taxometric Investigation
Schmidt, N. B., Kotov, R., Lerew, D. R., Joiner, T. E., & Ialongo, N. S. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-9632-y · Cited by 52
Walters, G. D., & Ruscio, J. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109356539 · Cited by 51
“The present findings, especially the fact that using a small number of windows worked best even for the lowest taxon base rates in this study, has implications for the inchworm consistency test (Waller & Meehl, 1998). This test involves increasing the number of windows across a series of analyses to determine whether…”
MethodResultInfluentialThe DAPP-BQ in the Netherlands: Factor Structure and Relationship with Basic Personality Dimensions
van Kampen, D. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.3.235.22536 · Cited by 51
“In addressing the first two assumptions, the authors list four different kinds of discontinuity that may be distinguished when testing empirically the appropriateness of a categorical model of personality disorder above a dimensional model: (a) the discontinuity shows itself in either bimodality or a point of rarity i…”
BackgroundIs paraphilic coercion a different construct from sadism or the lower end of an agonistic continuum?
Longpré, N., Sims‐Knight, J. E., Neumann, C. S., Guay, J., & Knight, R. A. (2020) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101743 · Cited by 47
Schizotypy, taxometrics, and disconfirming theories in soft science
Beauchaine, T. P., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Waller, N. G. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.015 · Cited by 49
“Ideally, representative samples drawn from well defined populations should be used (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodSadistic Offender or Sexual Sadism? Taxometric Evidence for a Dimensional Structure of Sexual Sadism
Longpré, N., Guay, J., Knight, R. A., & Benbouriche, M. (2017) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1068-4 · Cited by 48
A taxometric investigation of psychopathy in women.
Guay, J., Knight, R., Ruscio, J., & Hare, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.015 · Cited by 39
“In the present study we added these decision guides to Meehl's multiple consistency tests strategy for assessing taxonicity (Meehl, 1995).”
A conceptual and methodological checklist for conducting a taxometric investigation
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80044-3 · Cited by 49
Tylka, T. L., & Subich, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.276 · Cited by 48
“Taxometric analysis is proposed to be able to detect whether a latent taxon exists among the statistical patterns of the relations between indicators of a given disorder; this is accomplished via independent analyses that serve to converge upon a latent structure (i.e., dimensionality or taxonicity; Meehl, 1995).”
MethodInfluentialIn praise of clinical judgment: Meehl's forgotten legacy
Westen, D., & Weinberger, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20181 · Cited by 51
Linscott, R. J., Allardyce, J., & van Os, J. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn181 · Cited by 49
Why the Diagnostic Criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder Should Be Changed
Dell, P. F. (2001) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v02n01_02 · Cited by 48
“Thus, the clas si cal/monothetic com mit ment to sharp bound aries en tails what Meehl (1995) would call “mix ing the in di ca tors with the la - tent taxon they in di cate” (p. 268).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Attachment Priming on Depressed and Anxious Mood
Carnelley, K. B., Otway, L. J., & Rowe, A. C. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615594998 · Cited by 48
Heyman, R. E., Slep, A. M. S., & Foran, H. M. (2015) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12121 · Cited by 48
Gurnani, A. S., & Gavett, B. E. (2016) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9334-0 · Cited by 46
“Based on taxometric research in psychopathology, Meehl (1995) suggested the use of Cohen’s d of 1.25 and above as a valid marker for diagnostic classification.”
MethodInfluentialIs Perfectionism Categorical or Dimensional? A Taxometric Analysis
Broman‐Fulks, J. J., Hill, R. W., & Green, B. A. (2008) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890802248802 · Cited by 57
“Rather, they rely on replication of findings across independent procedures to ensure accuracy of results (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundAssigning Cases to Groups Using Taxometric Results
Ruscio, J. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191108320193 · Cited by 46
“Data parameters were independently randomly sampled from specified ranges that broadly spanned values considered to be adequate for informative taxometric analyses according to rules of thumb provided by Meehl (1995).”
MethodCole, D. A. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.3 · Cited by 46
Taxonicity of anxiety sensitivity: an empirical test among youth.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Weems, C., Stickle, T. R., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.008 · Cited by 47
Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder XI
Ruscio, J., Zimmerman, M., McGlinchey, J. B., Chelminski, I., & Young, D. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000252025.12014.c4 · Cited by 46
“The taxometric method requires that variables used as indicators of the target construct must distinguish the putative groups (i.e., MDD and non-MDD patients) with sufficient validity and be substantially less correlated within groups than in the full sample (Meehl, 1995; Ruscio et al., 2006).”
MethodResultSeparation anxiety in adulthood: dimensional or categorical?
Silove, D. M., Slade, T. N., Marnane, C. L., Wagner, R., Brooks, R., & Manicavasagar, V. L. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.011 · Cited by 45
“25 [25].”
MethodAre there really patterns of attachment? Comment on Fraley and Spieker (2003).
Waters, E., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.417 · Cited by 54
“It is also useful to employ indicators from different assessment modalities or domains ( Meehl, 1995a; Beauchaine & Waters, in press).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe uses and benefits of cluster analysis in pharmacy research
Leonard, S. T., & Droege, M. (2008) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2007.02.001 · Cited by 44
Lenzenweger, M. F. (2010) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065110386111 · Cited by 48
Categorical or dimensional: a reanalysis of the anxiety sensitivity construct.
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Deacon, B., Olatunji, B., Bondy, C. L., Abramowitz, J., & Tolin, D. (2010) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.02.005 · Cited by 43
Liu, R. T. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002792 · Cited by 43
“Another threat to validity is inadequate sample size, with a minimum of 300 participants being generally recommended (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialDefinitional issues in bipolar disorder across the life cycle.
Youngstrom, E. A. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01154.x · Cited by 45
A preliminary investigation of the eating disorder continuum with men.
Tylka, T. L., & Subich, L. M. (2002) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.273 · Cited by 48
“An alternative research design that has been proposed to investigate the continuity and discontinuity perspectives is taxometric analysis (Meehl, 1995), and it has begun to be used to investigate the eating disorder continuum hypothesis with samples of women (Gleaves et al., 2000).”
MethodConceptualizing calling: Cluster and taxometric analyses
Shimizu, A. B., Dik, B. J., & Conner, B. T. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.07.006 · Cited by 43
Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality, and Criminal Lifestyle
Walters, G. D. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854808320922 · Cited by 42
“The taxometric method (Meehl, 1995; Ruscio, Haslam, & Ruscio, 2006) allows researchers to gauge whether the latent structure of a construct is categorical (taxonic) or continuous (dimensional).”
MethodAnxiety sensitivity taxonicity across gender among youth
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Stewart, S. H., Comeau, M. N., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.011 · Cited by 43
Hopelessness Depression in Depressed Inpatient Adolescents
Whisman, M. A., & Pinto, A. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021830600946 · Cited by 42
“If individuals are sorted on the basis of x, then "there should be a relationship between how well x partitions the group and the observed difference between the groups on y" ( Meehl, 1995, p. 270 ).”
BackgroundWhat Can Be Learned From Taxometric Analyses?
Widiger, T. A. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.4.528 · Cited by 45
Weir, R. C., & Gjerde, P. F. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812008 · Cited by 43
Weeks, J. W., Norton, P. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20414 · Cited by 42
Depression: A Biopsychosocial, Integrative, and Evolutionary Approach
Gilbert, P. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470696385.ch6 · Cited by 42
Expanding Statistical Frontiers in Sexual Science: Taxometric, Invariance, and Equivalence Testing
Sakaluk, J. K. (2019) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1568377 · Cited by 40
“Meehl (1995) offered that researchers could select nonredundant indicators, and thereby reduce these problematic within-group correlations, by relying on indicators from multimethod forms of assessment (e.g., selfreport, interviews, clinician reports), which would eliminate the nuisance shared…”
InfluentialMeasuring Sex Differences and Similarities
Giudice, M. D. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_1 · Cited by 43
Frederick, R. I. (2000) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.432 · Cited by 41
Personality pathology and substance abuse in eating disorders: A longitudinal study
Thompson‐Brenner, H., Eddy, K. T., Franko, D. L., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20489 · Cited by 41
Cleland, C., & Haslam, N. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.243 · Cited by 40
Tsou, J. Y. (2015) · History, philosophy and theory of the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9765-8_3 · Cited by 40
“Paul Meehl (1995) has criticized the DSM on these grounds, arguing that: The advance-science medical model does not identify disease taxa with the operationally defined syndrome: the syndrome is taken as evidentiary, not as definitory.”
BackgroundLubke, G. H., & Miller, P. J. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400169x · Cited by 39
“Methods to assign individuals to latent classes, or taxon and complement, have been described for all three approaches (Meehl, 1995; Dolan & van der Maas, 1998; Walters & Ruscio, 2010; Fraley et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Taxometric Investigation of DSM-IV Major Depression in a Large Outpatient Sample
Ruscio, J., Brown, T. A., & Ruscio, A. M. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191108330065 · Cited by 40
“Solomon, Ruscio, Seeley, and Lewinsohn (2006) used data from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, a large longitudinal study that included clinical interviews with all participants at multiple time points. Their taxometric analyses yielded taxonic results. In what may be the most similar study to the present inve…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBivariate Genetic Analyses of Stuttering and Nonfluency in a Large Sample of 5-Year-Old Twins
van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Felsenfeld, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0202 · Cited by 39
Are Jungian preferences really categorical?: an empirical investigation using taxometric analysis
Arnau, R. C., Green, B. A., Rosen, D. H., Gleaves, D. H., & Melancon, J. G. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00040-5 · Cited by 40
“Two bootstraps taxometrics methods described by Meehl (1995) were used: MAMBAC and MAXCOV-HITMAX.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Latent Structure of Anxiety Sensitivity—Revisited
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Green, B. A., Berman, M., Olatunji, B., Arnau, R. C., Deacon, B., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2008) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191107311284 · Cited by 37
“However, relatively even distribution of nuisance correlations across the conjectured taxon and complement groups is generally not problematic (Meehl, 1995b; Ruscio et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrounding the research phenomenon
de Ven, A. H. V. (2016) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2016.1230336 · Cited by 38
“something that goes beyond the information given (Bruner, 1973) and applies to people in general (Meehl, 1995); it is an exercise in sense-making.”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, E. E., Tenke, C. E., Deldin, P. J., Trivedi, M. H., Weissman, M. M., Auerbach, R. P., Bruder, G. E., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Jürgen Kayser, A. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13483 · Cited by 38
“The quantification of observations (neural, self‐report, or otherwise) into latent variables that reflect unobservable constructs of interest is of considerable interest and importance to the field (e.g., Meehl, 1995; Patrick & Hajcak, 2016).”
BackgroundA Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
(2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289 · Cited by 43
Williams, F. M., Fernández‐Berrocal, P., Extremera, N., Díaz, N. S. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000045339.67766.86 · Cited by 36
James, R. J. E., Dubey, I., Smith, D., Ropar, D., & Tunney, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2897-z · Cited by 38
“The first is that putative indicators show substantial differences between a proposed taxon and non-taxon (or complement), quantified using the standardised between-groups effect size Cohen’s d that ought to exceed 1.25 (Meehl 1995).”
MethodInfluentialDiagnostic Classification of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Eddy, K. T., Grange, D. L., Crosby, R. D., Rienecke, R. D., Doyle, A. C., Smyth, A., & Herzog, D. B. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.10.012 · Cited by 39
The Latent Structure of the Criminal Lifestyle
Walters, G. D. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807307028 · Cited by 37
“Meehl and his colleagues ( Meehl, 1995, 2004; Meehl & Yonce, 1994, 1996; Waller & Meehl, 1998) originally devised the taxometric procedures themselves to assist in the assessment of latent psychopathological constructs like the schizoid taxon.”
BackgroundInfluentialMeyer, T. D., & Keller, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.15.6.521.19192 · Cited by 36
“On the other hand, the association between these variables will be smallest in a sample of individuals who all belong to the same group (for an excellent and brief description, see Lenzenweger & Korfine, 1992; Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundRuscio, J. (2000) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.929 · Cited by 37
VanLear, C. A., Koerner, A. F., & Allen, D. M. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606632.007 · Cited by 39
Taxometric Analysis of the Latent Structure of Pedophilic Interest
McPhail, I. V., Olver, M. E., Brouillette‐Alarie, S., & Looman, J. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1225-4 · Cited by 41
“Understanding the latent structure of psychological constructs requires empirical investigation (Beauchaine, 2003; Meehl, 1992, 1995a).”
BackgroundMethodCummings, E. M. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.405 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Meehl, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meehl, Paul E.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1995-04
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 266-275
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2081843991
- Cited by
- 702
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 17.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- psychopathology classification, diagnostic criteria, cut-off values, latent structure
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
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