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Bootstraps taxometrics: Solving the classification problem in psychopathology
Abstract
Classification in psychopathology is a problem in applied mathematics; it answers the empirical question "Is the latent structure of these phenotypic indicator correlations taxonic (categories) or nontaxonic (dimensions, factors)?" It is not a matter of convention or preference. Two taxometric procedures, MAMBAC and MAXCOV-HITMAX, provide independent tests of the taxonic conjecture and satisfactorily accurate estimates of the taxon base rate, the latent means, and the valid and false-positive rates achievable by various cuts. The method requires no gold standard criterion, applying crude fallible diagnostic "criteria" only in the phase of discovery to identify plausible candidate indicators. Confidence in the inference to taxonic structure and numerical accuracy of latent values is provided by multiple consistency tests, hence the term coherent cut kinetics for the general approach. Further revision of diagnostic systems should be based on taxometric analysis rather than on committee decisions based on clinical impressions and nontaxometric research.
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“Satisfying these requirements, for the four indicators, mean full sample r = 0.37 and mean taxon and complement rs ≤ 0.06.”
From A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Meehl, 1995
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“This condition was satisfied in the current study (for all indicators, d ≥ 1.25)2.”
From A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Meehl, 1995
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“However, clear-cut boundaries may or may not exist among the taxa indicators (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialTrajectories of Youthful Antisocial Behavior: Categories or Continua?
Walters, G. D., & Ruscio, J. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9700-1 · Cited by 34
“30) in the putative taxon and complement samples (Meehl 1995).”
BackgroundIn search of the psychopathic sexuality taxon: Indicator size does matter
Walters, G. D., Marcus, D. K., Edens, J. F., Knight, R. A., & Sanford, G. M. (2010) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.964 · Cited by 35
Can questionnaire reports correctly classify relationship distress and partner physical abuse?
Heyman, R. E., Feldbau-Kohn, S. R., Ehrensaft, M. K., et al. (2001) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.2.334 · Cited by 35
Bernstein, I. H., Ellason, J. W., Ross, C. A., & Vanderlinden, J. (2001) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v02n03_07 · Cited by 35
“However, the use the term “multidimensional” is really more consistent with the notion of a qualitative “taxon” (Meehl, 1995; Meehl & Golden, 1982; Meehl & Yonce, 1994) that needs not be multidimensional in the mathematical sense.”
BackgroundArnau, R. C., Thompson, R. L., & Cook, C. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971040 · Cited by 35
“Indeed, there can exist dimensional indicators of latent categorical constructs and vice versa (Meehl, 1995; Waller & Meehl, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodBAILLIE, A. J., STAPINSKI, L., CROME, E., MORLEY, K., SANNIBALE, C., HABER, P., & TEESSON, M. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00206.x · Cited by 33
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“This value and the values for the three individual ANT indicators (see Table 2) eclipsed the minimal value (ó = 1.25) recommended by Meehl (1995) for proper evaluation of taxometric structure.”
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“Each of the three Maximization scales used for all analyses met conventional criteria for indicator validity (d > 1.25; Meehl, 1995), which shows the ability between the empirically-generated base rates determined by the Comparison Curve Fit Index (CCFI) analysis.”
MethodInfluentialFossati, A., Raine, A., Borroni, S., & Maffei, C. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.04.019 · Cited by 32
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Zapf, P. A., Skeem, J. L., & Golding, S. L. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.433 · Cited by 32
“As noted by Meehl (1995), mixing such groups, when they differ on mean levels of the IQ and psychopathology, can create covariation between MacCAT–CA scores and measures of IQ/psychopathology that are ambiguous in their meaning.”
BackgroundInfluentialSlade, T. N., Grove, R., & Teesson, M. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02498.x · Cited by 32
Is there evidence for a latent class called ‘hypomanic temperament’?
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“…requires that variables used as indicators of the target construct distinguish the putative taxon and its complement with sufficient validity (usually d ≥ 1.25) and be substantially less correlated within these classes than in the full sample (nuisance covariance; Meehl, 1995; Ruscio et al., 2006).”
InfluentialIs Hypersexuality Dimensional or Categorical? Evidence From Male and Female College Samples
Graham, F. J., Walters, G. D., Harris, D. A., & Knight, R. A. (2015) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.1003524 · Cited by 31
“Given the large sample sizes needed to perform taxometric analysis relatively few simulated data sets are needed for comparison; generally less than 25 and as low as 10 (Haslam & Kim, 2002; Meehl, 1995; J. Ruscio et al., 2007) have been shown to be adequate.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe latent structure of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an adult sample
Marcus, D. K., Norris, A. L., & Coccaro, E. F. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.010 · Cited by 32
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“Meehl's (1995a , 1995b , 2004 ) taxometric method is being used with increased frequency to assess whether the latent structure of a construct is dimensional (continuous) or taxonic (categorical) in nature.”
MethodRhudy, J. L., Green, B. A., Arnau, R. C., & France, C. R. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.02.006 · Cited by 31
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“26 ; Meehl, 1995) and within-class correlations were low (mean absolute value of r=0.04 ; Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialTaxometric analyses of paranoid and schizoid personality disorders
Ahmed, A. O., Green, B. A., Buckley, P. F., & McFarland, M. E. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.010 · Cited by 28
“For example, whether the threshold of 30 would still be reasonable if the total sample size was much more than the 300 minimum recommended for taxometric studies (Meehl, 1995) is an empirical question.”
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Barry, T. D., Marcus, D. K., Barry, C. T., & Coccaro, E. F. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.016 · Cited by 29
“To more directly address the issue of its underlying structure, taxometric analyses, which allow an examination of the latent structure of a theoretical construct via a set of indicators for that construct, can be used (Meehl, 1995; Waller and Meehl, 1998).”
Taxonicity of nonverbal learning disabilities in spina bifida
Ris, M. D., Ammerman, R. T., Waller, N. G., Walz, N. C., Oppenheimer, S. G., Brown, T. M., Enrile, B. G., & Yeates, K. O. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617707070087 · Cited by 28
“As currently defined, it is not clear whether Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NLD) should be considered a matter of kind or magnitude (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundHomosexuality as a Discrete Class
Norris, A. L., Marcus, D. K., & Green, B. A. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615598617 · Cited by 29
“Accurate taxometric conclusions depend on the use of valid, distinct indicators that can distinguish between cases that belong to the taxon and complement classes, with at least 1.25 standard-deviation units difference between the two classes (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat is a psychopathology dimension?
Hopwood, C. J., Morey, L. C., & Markon, K. E. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102356 · Cited by 35
Developmental Trajectory Modeling: A View from Developmental Psychopathology
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Braxton, L. E., Calhoun, P. S., Williams, J. E., & Boggs, C. D. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890709336829 · Cited by 28
“Taxometric procedures can be used to distinguish latent class variables from continuously distributed variables and are a promising means of estimating desired latent parameters such as base rates in the absence of a criterion variable (Meehl, 1995; Meehl & Younce, 1994, 1996).”
BackgroundClassification of Psychopathology
Acton, G., & Zodda, J. J. (2005) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354305053220 · Cited by 25
“In psychology, some of the best work on the detection of latent categories has been done by Meehl (1995, 2004), who has coined his own term for the numerical aspects of category detection: taxometrics.”
BackgroundMethodConverging Evidence for the Latent Structure of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Marcus, D. K., Ruscio, J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Hughes, K. T. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807311679 · Cited by 28
“For the four indicators, the average separation between those who met the criteria for ASPD and those who did not was 2.00 standard deviation units, which exceeded the recommended minimum of d = 1.25 (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialHummelen, B., Wilberg, T., Pedersen, G., & Karterud, S. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.006 · Cited by 27
“The eighth assumption was investigated by a bmean above minus below a cutQ (MAMBAC) analysis, described by Meehl [41].”
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Taxometric analysis of DSM-IV and DSM-5 alcohol use disorders
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Pothead or pot smoker? a taxometric investigation of cannabis dependence
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Motivational typologies of drinkers: do enhancement and coping drinkers form two distinct groups?
Littlefield, A. K., Verges, A. J., Rosinski, J. M., Steinley, D., & Sher, K. J. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04090.x · Cited by 25
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Kelloway, E., Inness, M., Barling, J., Francis, L., & Turner, N. (2010) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2010)0000008006 · Cited by 22
Slade, T. N. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670701261194 · Cited by 25
Family Context and Externalizing Correlates of Childhood Animal Cruelty in Adjudicated Delinquents
Walters, G. D., & Noon, A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514540328 · Cited by 24
Minor and major depression in the general population: does dysfunctional thinking play a role?
de Graaf, L. E., Huibers, M. J. H., Cuijpers, P. J., & Arntz, A. R. (2009) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.006 · Cited by 24
“To have confidence in the findings, several independent procedures should provide convergent evidence [12,13].”
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“In fields, such as medicine and psychopathology, taxometrics has become a popular method, which is extensively used for uncovering latent causes of various symptoms (e.g., Meehl, 1995; Haslam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodUnicorns, snarks, and personality types: A review of the first 102 taxometric studies of personality
Haslam, N. (2018) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12228 · Cited by 24
Thomas, J. J., Eddy, K. T., Ruscio, J., Ng, K. L., Casale, K. E., Becker, A. E., & Lee, S. (2015) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2357 · Cited by 23
Carving nature at its joints: Paul Meehl's development of taxometrics.
Waller, N. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.2.210 · Cited by 23
Boyers, G., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Valentiner, D. P., McCraw, K. S., Curtin, L., & Michael, K. D. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1338310 · Cited by 26
“After discarding several items that failed to meet minimum validity criteria (>1.25; Meehl, 1995), results of the MAXEIG analyses provided strong support for a dimensional solution (CCFI = .11), suggesting that the findings of the primary analyses were not an artifact of the indicators derived by…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStudying Stress in the Twenty-First-Century: An Update of Stress Concepts and Research
Wheaton, B., & Montazer, S. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.013 · Cited by 24
Cliometric Metatheory III: Peircean Consensus, Verisimilitude and Asymptotic Method
Meehl, P. E. (2004) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/55.4.615 · Cited by 23
Self-citationCan sample-specific simulations help detect low base-rate taxonicity?
Beach, S. R. H., Amir, N., & Bau, J. J. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.446 · Cited by 23
“…that a minimum level of “indicator validity” or “effect size due to taxon membership” (Cohen’s d 1.25) may be required to reliably detect taxonicity (Meehl, 1995a), and indicator validities of 2.00 or greater are considered to be quite good (Gleaves, Lowe, Snow, Green, & Murphy-Eberenz, 2000;…”
BackgroundInfluentialRichey, J. A., Schmidt, N. B., Hofmann, S. G., & Timpano, K. R. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.007 · Cited by 23
A Taxometric Study of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Baldwin, G., & Shean, G. D. (2006) · Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs · doi:10.3200/mono.132.2.101-128 · Cited by 23
Cleland, C. (2000) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.87.5.37-47 · Cited by 23
The latent structure of child depression: A taxometric analysis
Richey, J. A., Schmidt, N. B., Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., Catanzaro, S. J., Laurent, J., Gerhardstein, R. R., & Kotov, R. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02085.x · Cited by 22
Child molestation and psychopathy: a taxometric analysis
Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A., Looman, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2016.1199742 · Cited by 22
“According to Meehl (1995), themean indicator correlation in the full sample should be≥.30, the mean indicator correlation in the putative taxon and complement groups should be .30, the indicators should demonstrate a good ability to differentiate between the putative taxon and complements groups…”
BackgroundInfluentialLatent structure of unipolar and bipolar mood symptoms
Ahmed, A. O., Green, B. A., Clark, C. B., Stahl, K. C., & McFarland, M. E. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00940.x · Cited by 22
The latent structure of alcohol use pathology in an epidemiological sample
Green, B. A., Ahmed, A. O., Marcus, D. K., & Walters, G. D. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.001 · Cited by 22
Walters, G. D., & McCoy, K. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807300644 · Cited by 22
“All figures exceeded the minimally acceptable value of 1.25 (Φ) proposed by Meehl (1995) for determining indicator validity.”
BackgroundInfluentialWaters, T. E. A., Facompré, C. R., Dujardin, A., de Walle, M. V., Verhees, M. W. F. T., Bodner, N., Boldt, L. J., & Bosmans, G. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13229 · Cited by 22
“Method Participants Meehl (1995) recommended that taxometric analyses be conducted with no less than 300 cases, preferably with 600 cases or more.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe latent structure of cognitive symptom exaggeration on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Naugle, R. I., Haggerty, K. A., & BUSCH, R. (2007) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.007 · Cited by 22
“Sample sizes of 300 have been recommended as providing clear results when other data parameters are adequate (Meehl, 1995), although other work has suggested that smaller sample sizes can be used for some taxometric procedures when other data parameters are good (Meehl & Yonce, 1994, 1996) and larger sample sizes may…”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Latent Structure of Hypersexuality: A Taxometric Investigation
Kingston, D. A., Walters, G. D., Olver, M. E., Levaque, E., Sawatsky, M. L., & Lalumière, M. L. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1273-9 · Cited by 24
“The three correlational preconditions are a mean full-sample indicator correlation of .30 or higher, mean taxon and complement group indicator correlations below .30, and meaningful separation between the mean full-sample and mean taxon/complement correlations (Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundStrong, D. R., Glassmire, D. M., Frederick, R. I., & Greene, R. L. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.3.250 · Cited by 21
“One potential solution to the problem of evaluating whether F(p) effectively identifies a unique group that has engaged in an overreporting in clinical settings has been offered by Meehl and colleagues’ taxometric procedures (Meehl, 1995; Meehl & Yonce, 1994, 1996; Waller & Meehl, 1998).”
BackgroundConceptual engineering and operationalism in psychology
Vessonen, E. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03261-x · Cited by 22
“10617 1 3 Synthese (2021) 199:10615–10637 been “almost uniformly rejected as philosophically unworkable” (Maul, 2017, p. 60) and that operationalism is an “erroneous philosophy of science” (Meehl, 1995, p. 267).”
BackgroundIs Adolescent Suicidal Ideation Continuous or Categorical? A Taxometric Analysis
Liu, R. T., Jones, R. N., & Spirito, A. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0022-y · Cited by 24
“Specifically, it meets the minimum n of 300 recommended by Meehl (1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialClassification of the Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Quay, H. C. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_1 · Cited by 21
The Dual Continua Model: The Foundation of the Sociology of Mental Health and Mental Illness
Keyes, C. L. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.007 · Cited by 22
The Latent Structure of Sexual Violence Risk
Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A., & Thornton, D. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854808330341 · Cited by 19
“The taxometric method was developed by Meehl (1995, 2004) to test the latent structure of theoretical constructs.”
MethodInfluentialAsmundson, G. J. G., Collimore, K. C., Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2007) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2006.10.007 · Cited by 19
Goodman, M. S., Weiss, D. S., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S., Koenigsberg, H. W., Silverman, J. M., & Siever, L. J. (2003) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v04n02_05 · Cited by 19
“Meehl (1995) uses the example of headache and stiff neck, both prevalent phenomena, to clarify that it is the unusual co-occurrence of these phenomena that identifies a taxon-in this case meningitis.”
BackgroundMethodResultA Monte Carlo evaluation of growth mixture modeling
Shader, T. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420002230 · Cited by 22
“Instead, we rely on imperfect indicators to evaluate characteristics of and make determinations about mental illness (see Beauchaine, 2007, 2013; Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProactive Criminal Thinking and Deviant Identity as Mediators of the Peer Influence Effect
Walters, G. D. (2016) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204016636436 · Cited by 18
“The reliability of these measures, always a concern with mediation analysis (Cole & Maxwell, 2003), however, was good to excellent, with the mean interitem correlations indicating that the various items were likely measuring the same construct (i.e., r > .30; Meehl, 1995).”
BackgroundTranssexual Groups in Veale et al. (2008) are “Autogynephilic” and “Even More Autogynephilic”
Lawrence, A. A., & Bailey, J. M. (2008) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9431-0 · Cited by 18
“But Veale et al. had too few participants to conduct a valid taxometric analysis: A minimum of 300 participants is recommended ( Meehl, 1995; Ruscio, Haslam, & Ruscio, 2006), while Veale et al. had only 169.”
BackgroundVisual search: Efficiency continuum or distinct processes?
Haslam, N., Porter, M., & Rothschild, L. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196212 · Cited by 18
“Meehl (1995) shows that the best threshold is to be found where the latent distributions intersect.”
BackgroundSchneider, R., & Schulte, D. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.015 · Cited by 18
Critchfield, K. L., Levy, K. N., & Clarkin, J. F. (2006) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-006-9023-x · Cited by 18
“Meehl and colleagues have outlined measurement models and strategies for testing taxonicity under such conditions [41, 42].”
BackgroundKliem, S., Foran, H. M., Beller, J., Hahlweg, K., Stöbel‐Richter, Y., & Brähler, E. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12211 · Cited by 17
Walters, G. D. (2014) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-014-1496-z · Cited by 17
“Because there is no gold standard for scholarly productivity in criminology and criminal justice, a bootstrapped solution was employed similar to what Meehl (1995) used to evaluate the latent structure of constructs with his taxometric method.”
MethodTaxometrics and Criminal Justice: Assessing the Latent Structure of Crime-Related Constructs
Walters, G. D. (2011) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.11.003 · Cited by 17
Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J. A., Verma, S. K., & Chong, S. A. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000688 · Cited by 17
“Meehl (1995) noted that categorical or taxonic latent variables can yield manifest indicator variables that are distributed continuously and, vice versa, latent dimensions can yield manifest variables that are categorical.”
BackgroundExamining the latent structure of worry and generalized anxiety in a clinical sample
Kertz, S. J., McHugh, R. K., Lee, J., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.003 · Cited by 17
Blashfield, R. K. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00225-x · Cited by 18
THE MAXSLOPE TAXOMETRIC PROCEDURE: MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION, PARAMETER ESTIMATION, CONSISTENCY TESTS
Grove, W. M. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.95.2.517-550 · Cited by 17
“Assumption (4) is the same assumption made by Meehl (1995b) in his generalized-MAXCOV taxometric procedure.”
BackgroundInfluentialCultural Relevance of Adult Attachment
Lee, Y., Grossman, J., & Krishnan, A. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164407313367 · Cited by 17
“Eventually, evidence suggesting that discrete categories of attachment were inappropriate, or misleading at least, challenged the use of a categorical framework to measure the self–other dimensions (Meehl, 1995; Waller & Meehl, 1998).”
BackgroundTosato, S., & Lasalvia, A. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000932 · Cited by 17
“(Meehl, 1995).”
Introduction to the special section on the use of computers for making judgments and decisions.
Garb, H. N. (2000) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.3 · Cited by 17
A Taxometric Analysis of Problem Gambling Data from a South African National Urban Sample
Kincaid, H., Daniels, R. C., Dellis, A., Hofmeyr, A., Rousseau, J., Sharp, C., & Ross, D. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9316-y · Cited by 17
A taxometric investigation of agoraphobia in a clinical and a community sample.
Slade, T., & Grisham, J. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.03.004 · Cited by 16
“Taxometric analysis provides a set of statistical procedures that may be used to determine the latent structure of a construct (Meehl, 1995; Schmidt, Kotov, & Joiner, 2004; Waller & Meehl, 1998).”
MethodSocioeconomic Stratification and Mental Disorder
Eaton, W. W., & Muntaner, C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.016 · Cited by 18
Prisciandaro, J., & Tolliver, B. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000513 · Cited by 10
Understanding the Connection between Social Support and Mental Health
Brown, R. L., & Ciciurkaite, G. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.014 · Cited by 15
RDoC: Thinking Outside the DSM Box Without Falling into a Reductionist Trap
Faucher, L., & Goyer, S. (2015) · History, philosophy and theory of the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9765-8_12 · Cited by 17
Kliem, S., Lohmann, A., Mößle, T., Kröger, C. B., Brähler, E., & Kersting, A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.087 · Cited by 15
Operationalism and realism in psychometrics
Vessonen, E. (2019) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12624 · Cited by 14
A Taxometric Analysis of Experiential Avoidance
Kirk, A., Broman‐Fulks, J. J., & Arch, J. J. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.008 · Cited by 13
“Consistent with the recommendations of Meehl (1995) and Ruscio et al. (2010), the present research employed a rigorous multiple hurdles consistency testing approach.”
BackgroundMethodThe latent structure of generalized anxiety disorder in midlife adults
Marcus, D. K., Sawaqdeh, A. J., & Kwon, P. H. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.011 · Cited by 15
“Specifically, Meehl (1995) recommended that the taxon and complement group differ by at least 1.”
MethodMachiavellianism has a dimensional latent structure: Results from taxometric analyses☆
Beller, J., & Bosse, S. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.014 · Cited by 12
The Continuum Versus Categorical Debate on Eating Disorders: Implications for Counselors
Perosa, L. M., & Perosa, S. L. (2004) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00303.x · Cited by 14
Taxometric and related methods in relationships research
Haslam, N. (1999) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00207.x · Cited by 14
Type or dimension? A taxometric investigation of flashbulb memories
Lanciano, T., & Curci, A. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.651088 · Cited by 13
“Statistical analyses: Taxometric procedures The term taxonic is used to refer to constructs in which individuals are separated into groups (i.e., types, classes, categories) at a latent level (Meehl, 1995; Meehl & Golden, 1982; Meehl & Yonce, 1994, 1996; Waller & Meehl, 1998).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Meehl, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meehl, Paul E.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1995-04
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 266-275
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2081843991
- Cited by
- 702
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 17.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- psychopathology classification, diagnostic criteria, cut-off values, latent structure
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
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