A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence

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The empirical data were consistent in more closely resembling the dimensional distributions than the simulated taxonic distributions across all three taxometric procedures.

“The empirical data were consistent in more closely resembling the dimensional distributions.”

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The three taxometric analyses (MAMBAC, MAXEIG, L-Mode) on the four retained indicators of cognitive vulnerability in 485 early adolescents yielded CCFI values that unambiguously favored dimensional solutions (CCFIMAMBAC = 0.237, CCFIMAXEIG = 0.194, CCFIL-Mode = 0.288, mean CCFI = 0.240).

“The results of three taxometric analyses (i.e., mean above minus below a cut [MAMBAC], maximum eigenvalue [MAXEIG], and latent mode [L-Mode]) were consistent in unambiguously supporting a dimensional conceptualization of this construct.”

• Also stated in: § Taxometric analyses · boosted

  “The corresponding CCFIs were similarly consistent in unambiguously favoring dimensional solutions (CCFIMAMBAC = 0.237, CCFIMAXEIG = 0.194, CCFIL-Mode = 0.288, mean CCFI = 0.240).”

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The CRSQ has demonstrated adequate validity in previous research.

“The CRSQ has demonstrated adequate validity in previous research (Abela et al., 2004)”

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All four indicators separated the putative taxon from its complement at Cohen's d ≥ 1.25, satisfying the recommended minimum validity.

“This condition was satisfied in the current study (for all indicators, d ≥ 1.25)2.”

• cites Meehl, 1995 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Meehl & Yonce, 1996Not checked yet

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Only one taxometric study exists examining the latent structure of cognitive vulnerability to depression (Gibb et al., 2004), and it found evidence of dimensionality.

“Yet, only one taxometric study exists examining the latent structure of cognitive vulnerability to depression (Gibb, Alloy, Abramson, Beevers, & Miller, 2004), finding evidence of dimensionality.”

• cites Gibb et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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The CCFI thresholds (0.45-0.55 for ambiguity) have accuracy rates of 98.2% for MAMBAC, 95.8% for MAXEIG, and 97.3% for L-Mode.

“These dual thresholds have an accuracy rate of 98.2% for MAMBAC, 95.8% for MAXEIG, and 97.3% for L-Mode (Ruscio et al., 2010).”

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The CCFI is an objective index that differentiates taxonic and dimensional data with high accuracy and is robust to poor measurement conditions, supplanting subjective visual inspection of taxometric graphical output.

“As an objective index for differentiating between taxonic and dimensional data at a high level of accuracy and being robust to a wide array of poor measurement conditions (Ruscio & Kaczetow, 2009), the CCFI supplants the approach adopted in older studies, which relied on subjective interpretation based on visual inspection of taxometric graphical output, which is more vulnerable to spurious taxon”

• cites Ruscio & Kaczetow, 2009Not checked yet

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• cites Haslam et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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The CRSQ rumination subscale had an internal consistency of α = .85 in the current sample.

“The CRSQ has demonstrated adequate validity in previous research (Abela et al., 2004), and α =.85 in the current sample.”

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For the four retained indicators, the mean full-sample inter-indicator correlation was 0.37 and the mean within-taxon and complement correlations were ≤ 0.06, satisfying the requirement for a sizeable difference between full-sample and within-group correlations.

“Satisfying these requirements, for the four indicators, mean full sample r = 0.37 and mean taxon and complement rs ≤ 0.06.”

• cites Meehl, 1995 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Ruscio et al., 2006Not checked yet

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Within a pure interaction framework, the dichotomous diathesis-stress interpretation implies that, in the absence of other vulnerabilities, cognitive vulnerability is a necessary condition for depression to manifest, and stress only exerts a deleterious influence in the presence of this diathesis.

“Within a pure interaction framework, the implication of this interpretation is that, in the absence of other vulnerabilities, cognitive vulnerability is a necessary condition for depression to manifest, and stress only exerts a deleterious influence in the presence of this diathesis.”

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The adoption of cut-points in high-risk studies is guided largely by practical considerations centering on feasibility and statistical power.

“their adoption is guided largely by practical considerations centering on feasibility and statistical power.”

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Additional research is necessary to be able to generalize the current findings to all aspects of cognitive vulnerability to depression.

“additional research is necessary to be able to generalize to all aspects of cognitive vulnerability to depression.”

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The current findings do not necessarily indicate that cut-points should be avoided in the screening of risk.

“The current findings do not necessarily indicate that cut-points should be avoided in the screening of risk.”

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Dichotomizing individuals based on cognitive vulnerability creates largely artificial and arbitrary distinctions, including the cut-points used in high-risk studies.

“A dimensional solution for the vulnerability construct, however, also points to the importance of recognizing that the cut-points used in such studies are artificial ones”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “any attempt to dichotomize individuals based on cognitive vulnerability creates largely artificial and arbitrary distinctions”

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Several studies have obtained empirical support for the view that cognitive vulnerabilities transition from mediators to moderators of the relation between negative life events and depression.

“Several studies have obtained empirical support for this view (Cole et al., 2001; Tram & Cole, 2000; Uhrlass & Gibb, 2007).”

• cites Cole et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Tram & Cole, 2000Not checked yet

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• cites Uhrlass & Gibb, 2007Not checked yet

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Assessments of therapeutic change in cognitive risk for depression may benefit from viewing this change as falling along a continuum rather than as a qualitatively distinct change from at risk to outside of risk.

“the current findings suggest that assessments of therapeutic change in cognitive risk for depression may benefit from viewing this change as falling along a continuum rather than being characterized by a qualitatively distinct change from at risk to being outside of risk.”

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The dichotomous diathesis-stress model holds that the vulnerability factor of interest exists as a discontinuous entity, with individuals either possessing the vulnerability or not.

“The dichotomous diathesis-stress model holds that the vulnerability factor of interest exists as a discontinuous entity, with individuals either possessing the vulnerability or not (Ingram & Luxton, 2005).”

• cites Ingram & Luxton, 2005Not checked yet

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A dimensional latent structure for a given vulnerability to depression does not invalidate its use in a high-risk design or negate the advantages such designs confer.

“It should be noted that a dimensional latent structure for a given vulnerability to depression does not invalidate its use in a high-risk design or negate the aforementioned advantages it confers.”

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The current findings are consistent with those reported in an earlier taxometric investigation with an adult sample drawing on self-report measures (Gibb et al., 2004).

“These findings are consistent with those reported in an earlier taxometric investigation with an adult sample drawing on self-report measures (Gibb et al., 2004).”

• cites Gibb et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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An additional advantage of high-risk designs is that the greater variability in vulnerability constructs they often afford yields greater statistical power to detect moderating effects by reducing standard errors without compromising parameter estimates.

“An additional advantage of high-risk designs is that the greater variability in vulnerability constructs they often afford yields greater statistical power to detect the presence of moderating effects by reducing standard errors without compromising parameter estimates (Carter & Garber, 2011; McClelland & Judd, 1993).”

• cites Carter & Garber, 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites McClelland & Judd, 1993 sourceNot checked yet

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A unique strength of the current study is its multi-method assessment of several distinct indices of cognitive vulnerability to depression to derive taxometric indicators for analysis.

“A unique strength of the current study is its multi-method assessment of several distinct indices of cognitive vulnerability to depression to derive taxometric indicators for analysis.”

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One reason for adopting high-risk research designs is to increase the chance of prospectively capturing enough cases of a low base rate phenomenon for statistically powered analyses with a smaller sample, thereby increasing feasibility when resources are limited.

“One reason for the adoption of high-risk research designs is to increase the chance of prospectively capturing a sufficient number of cases of a relatively low base rate phenomenon for statistically powered analyses, with a smaller sample than would otherwise be required, thereby increasing feasibility when resources may be limited.”

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Cut-points on vulnerability measures are used in certain research contexts, most prominently in high-risk designs.

“Cut-points on vulnerability measures are used in certain research contexts, perhaps one of the most prominent examples of which is high-risk designs.”

• cites Carter & Garber, 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Just, Abramson, & Alloy, 2001Not checked yet

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According to the vulnerability threshold model or the quasi-continuous diathesis model, risk for depression is only conferred above a certain level of the diathesis.

“According to a second perspective, the vulnerability threshold model (Meiser & Esser, 2017), or a variation of it, the quasi-continuous diathesis model (Ingram & Luxton, 2005),3 risk for depression is only conferred above a certain level of the diathesis.”

• cites Meiser & Esser, 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Ingram & Luxton, 2005Not checked yet

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A contrasting position is that both vulnerability and stress operate in a graded manner, such that as diathetic loading increases, the level of stress required to precipitate depression decreases, and conversely as stress increases, a less severe diathesis is necessary for depression to occur.

“A contrasting position that has garnered substantial interest is that both vulnerability and stress operate in a graded manner, such that as the diathetic loading increases, the level of stress required to precipitate depression decreases, and conversely as stress increases, a less severe diathesis is necessary for depression to occur (Monroe & Simons, 1991).”

• cites Monroe & Simons, 1991 sourceNot checked yet

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