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Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity
Abstract
The brain circuitry underlying emotion includes several territories of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and related structures. In general, the PFC represents emotion in the absence of immediately present incentives and thus plays a crucial role in the anticipation of the future affective consequences of action, as well as in the persistence of emotion following the offset of an elicitor. The functions of the other structures in this circuit are also considered. Individual differences in this circuitry are reviewed, with an emphasis on asymmetries within the PFC and activation of the amygdala as 2 key components of affective style. These individual differences are related to both behavioral and biological variables associated with affective style and emotion regulation. Plasticity in this circuitry and its implications for transforming emotion and cultivating positive affect and resilience are considered.
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“If this is indeed the case, mindfulness may not be a stable quality that can be assessed as a trait variable and therefore may not relate to affective reactivity, which is proposed to reflect stable individual differences [51].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [51]
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Shimony, O., Malin, Y., Fogel‐Grinvald, H., Gumpel, T. P., & Nahum, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279383 · Cited by 48
“Psychological resilience entails better recovery from adversity and a better ability to regulate negative emotions [53].”
BackgroundHinz, L. D. (2015) · Canadian Art Therapy Association Journal · doi:10.1080/08322473.2015.1100581 · Cited by 30
Lahat, A., Tang, A., Tanaka, M., Lieshout, R. J. V., MacMillan, H. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13060 · Cited by 30
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Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., Raymaekers, L. H. C., Shaw, J., & Merckelbach, H. (2009) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.644 · Cited by 34
“Research in the fi eld of cognitive–affective neuroscience has shown that people differ widely in their cognitive reactivity to emotional stimuli (Davidson, 2000; Hedlund & Rude, 1995).”
BackgroundInaction inertia, the sunk cost effect, and handedness: Avoiding the losses of past decisions
Westfall, J. E., Jasper, J. D., & Christman, S. D. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.06.003 · Cited by 29
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“…that the pattern of resting electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha asymmetry recorded from the anterior portion of the scalp is related to a predisposition to experience positive and negative emotion and is predictive of individual differences in affective style (see Davidson, 1993, 2000, for reviews).”
BackgroundCognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)
Feldman, G., Westine, M., Edelman, A., Higgs, M., Renna, M., & Greeson, J. (2022) · Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_19-1 · Cited by 31
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“Because several specific cognitive and affective processes have been linked to recruitment of LH systems, psychopaths should perform poorly: under local bias conditions, on demanding language processing tasks (Gabrieli et al., 1998; Smith & Jonides, 1998), when programming novel motor sequences (Kawashima et al., 1998…”
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Research on Integrative Healthcare: Context and Priorities
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Voluntary Emotion Suppression Modifies Psychophysiological Responses to Films
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“In this perspective, the inability to regulate fear emotion through the ANS becomes a key component in understanding psychopathology and maladaptive behaviors, such as posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) or personality trait of neuroticism, which are characterized by disturbances of the mechanisms involved in the re…”
BackgroundAberrant Neural Function During Emotion Attribution in Female Subjects With Fragile X Syndrome
Hagan, C. C., Hoeft, F., Mackey, A. P., Mobbs, D., & Reiss, A. L. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181886e92 · Cited by 29
“functional relation between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex has been suggested to play an important role in anxiety and affective processing style.(73) The”
Pleasant Events-Based Behavioral Intervention for Depression in Nursing Home Residents
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“Affective asymmetry is supported by studies of emotional responding in the hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex of the brain (Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundImprovement of Emotional Response to Negative Stimulations With Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise
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“On the other hand, the greater activity in the relative right frontal is involved avoidance/withdrawal system, thus related to negative (unpleasant) emotion (Davidson, 1998, 2000, 2004).”
BackgroundZuzama, N., Fiol‐Veny, A., Roman‐Juan, J., & Balle, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186614 · Cited by 30
Erdös, T., & Ramseyer, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.580351 · Cited by 28
“These psychological processes amplify, attenuate, or maintain the strength of various emotional reactions (Gross and John, 1998; Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundGillihan, S. J., Xia, C., Padon, A. A., Heberlein, A. S., Farah, M. J., & Fellows, L. K. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq026 · Cited by 26
“A WORD ABOUT TERMINOLOGY The current work will treat 'affect' as an umbrella term for emotions and moods, following the lead of Davidson (2000) and Gross (1998).”
InfluentialWekerle, C., Waechter, R. L., & Chung, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0586-3_16 · Cited by 27
From Neuron to Social Context: Restoring Resilience as a Capacity for Good Survival
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“On the other hand, the default-mode network (DMN), that regulates internal thoughts and affects (Christoff, Gordon, Smallwood, Smith, & Schooler, 2009; Davidson, 2000; Mason et al., 2007), may be”
BackgroundProfiles of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and their Association with Emotional Traits
Lasa-Aristu, A., Egido, B. D., Tello, F. P. H., Amor, P. J., & Domínguez-Sánchez, F. J. (2019) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2019a6 · Cited by 33
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“of emotional reactions (e.g., subjective experience, expressive behavior, and physiological responses; Davidson, 2000).”
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“Resilient individuals maintain high levels of positive affect and well-being in the face of significant adversity (Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundExploring Psychological Resilience in the Face Of Terrorism
Reissman, D. B., Klomp, R. W., Kent, A., & Pfefferbaum, B. J. (2004) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20040801-16 · Cited by 24
Motor control accuracy: A consequential probe of individual differences in emotion regulation.
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Effects of Damage to Right‐Hemisphere Brain Structures on Spontaneous Emotional and Social Judgments
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Papolos, D. F., Hennen, J. A., Cockerham, M. S., & Lachman, H. M. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.014 · Cited by 25
“…inquiry implicating anomalies in a neural circuit involving the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex in the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (Davidson, 2000; Hariri et al., 2000, 2003; Allman et al., 2001; Phan et al., 2002; Strakowski et al., 2004; Haller et al., 2005; Blumberg et al.,…”
BackgroundResultUsing affect‐modulated startle to study phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder
Rich, B. A., Bhangoo, R. K., Vinton, D. T., Berghorst, L. H., Dickstein, D. P., Grillon, C., Davidson, R. J., & Leibenluft, E. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00265.x · Cited by 24
“Applying startle probes at specific time points during the emotionally arousing trial allows for an investigation of affective chronometry, or the time course of an emotional response ( 33 ).”
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Simarasl, N., Tabesh, P., & Jessri, M. (2024) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2024.07.001 · Cited by 33
Bringing Carl Rogers Back In: Exploring the Power of Positive Regard at Work
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Cognitive-Processing Biases in Individuals High on Perceived Criticism
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“The DLPFC has been shown to be associated with executive control and emotion regulation (e.g., Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundPhysiological Aspects of Depressive Rumination
Siegle, G. J., & Thayer, J. F. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713853.ch5 · Cited by 25
Alpha EEG Frontal Asymmetries during Audiovisual Perception in Cochlear Implant Users
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Saul, M. A., He, X., Black, S., & Charles, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568921 · Cited by 22
“The amygdala and prefrontal cortex are both considered as important contributors in the circuitry of processing positive and negative affect (Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundCheung, M., Law, D., & Yip, J. Y. W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115112 · Cited by 24
“Positive emotions such as happiness are associated with greater left-sided activation [27–30], and negative emotions such as disgust are accompanied by greater right-sided activation [31, 32].”
BackgroundMethodDeveloping cognitive-emotional training exercises as interventions for mood and anxiety disorders
Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2014) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.415 · Cited by 27
“This would allow for comparison of the investigational training regimen to a working memory training regimen (the control regimen) that does not involve emotional identification and processing, thereby not recruiting limbic structures, and thus isolating the effect of the simultaneous activation of DLPFC/amygdala in t…”
BackgroundInfluentialProfiles of Personal Resiliency in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients
Kumar, G., Steer, R. A., & Gulab, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282910366834 · Cited by 23
“Familial and interpersonal factors have often been stressed (Rutter, 1987) as being crucial for the development of resiliency, and psychological (Luthar, 1991; Seligman, 1998) and biological (Davidson, 2000) factors have also been emphasized.”
BackgroundHappiness and economics: A Buddhist perspective
Ash, C. (2007) · Society and Economy · doi:10.1556/socec.29.2007.2.5 · Cited by 26
“R. Davidson (2000), Affective Style, Psychopathology and Resilience: Brain Mechanisms and Plasticity, American Psychologist, 55, pp. 1196-1214.”
BackgroundGilam, G., Maron‐Katz, A., Kliper, E., Lin, T., Fruchter, E., Ron Shamir, A., & Hendler, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00252 · Cited by 23
“The importance of regulating anger and adapting it to socially accepted norms is thus unequivocal (Davidson, 2000; Gilam and Hendler, 2015).”
BackgroundPoole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21937 · Cited by 23
Schubert, C., Noisternig, B., Fuchs, D., König, P., Chamson, E., Mittnik, S., Schüßler, G., & Geser, W. (2006) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1096 · Cited by 23
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“Emotional resilience, derived from psychological resilience, denotes an individual’s capacity to cultivate positive emotions and rebound from negative emotions in response to stress [3].”
BackgroundEmotional state dynamics impacts temporal memory
Wang, J., & Lapate, R. C. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2349326 · Cited by 29
“…suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression often report recurrent and intrusive aversive memories, suggesting potential alterations in the representation of temporal context surrounding aversive events (Davidson, 2000; Ehlers & Clark, 2000; LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019).”
Frajo-Apor, B., Pardeller, S., Kemmler, G., & Hofer, A. (2015) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2015.1120325 · Cited by 22
“Resilient individuals also experience negative affect, but these episodes are shorter in duration and do not lead to long-term psychopathological impairment (Davidson, 2000; Holtmann, Poustka, & Schmidt, 2004; Shallcross, Troy, Boland, & Mauss, 2010).”
BackgroundDark, H. E., Harnett, N. G., Goodman, A. M., Wheelock, M. D., Mrug, S., Schuster, M. A., Elliott, M. N., Emery, S. T., & Knight, D. C. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00833-1 · Cited by 27
“, emotion reactivity and regulation) that influence emotional experiences (Davidson, 2000; Gross, 1998).”
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“Schmidt [59] found that, although participants with conflicted shyness an avoidant participants both exhibited a pattern of greater relative right frontal EEG activity at rest, which is a marker of fear dysregulation [61], the two subtypes were”
BackgroundExperiencing affective music in eyes-closed and eyes-open states: an electroencephalography study
Chang, Y.-H., Lee, Y.-Y., Liang, K., Chen, I., Tsai, C., & Hsieh, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01160 · Cited by 24
“This index was found to reflect both emotional valence of the stimuli and affective style of an individual (Davidson, 2000; Perez, 2001; Glascher and Adolphs, 2003).”
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Russo, V., Valesi, R., Gallo, A. L., Laureanti, R., & Zito, M. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9070123 · Cited by 21
“In particular, greater activity of the frontal region of the left hemisphere occurs when there are stimuli able to create positive emotions, whereas a greater activation of the right hemisphere occurs when stimuli elicit negative emotions (Davidson 1993, 2000; Davidson et al. 1990).”
BackgroundSchmidt, L. A., & Miskovic, V. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12014 · Cited by 24
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“Specifically, findings suggest that the left frontal and orbitofrontal cortex is an important brain area in a widespread circuit that mediates appetitive approach, while the right homologues regions appear to form amajor component of a neural circuit that instantiates defensive withdrawal [79, 80].”
BackgroundNeurocognitive Basis of Schizophrenia: Information Processing Abnormalities and Clues for Treatment
Aleman, A. (2014) · Advances in Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2014/104920 · Cited by 21
“Several studies have found that many forms of psychopathology revolve around failures to adaptively regulate emotional responses, with consequences ranging from personal distress to socially maladaptive and self-destructive behaviors [122].”
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“…right mid-frontal hemisphere electrical activity (EEG) has been found in the processing and experience of negatively valenced emotions (see e.g., Davidson, 2000; Fox, 1991, 1994) and the experience of fearrelated emotions linked to threat in shyness in particular (e.g., Schmidt, 1999; Schmidt &…”
BackgroundFortier, P., Lieshout, R. J. V., Waxman, J. A., et al. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614534267 · Cited by 21
“Using this model of frontal asymmetry, empirical research over the past three decades has revealed that different patterns of alphaactivation asymmetry in frontal areas of the brain, as measured by resting electroencephalography (EEG), reflect individual differences in emotional experience and motivational tendencies,…”
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“…suggest that the left frontal and orbito-frontal cortex are an important brain area in a widespread circuit that mediates appetitive approach, while the right homologs regions appear to form a major component of a neural circuit that instantiates defensive withdrawal (Davidson, 2000, 2004).”
BackgroundHatala, A. R. (2011) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2011.547135 · Cited by 25
“Second, with regard to emotional regulation, Davidson (2000) argues that the capacity for rapid recovery from negative emotional events—a critical dimension to emotional regulation—constitutes an important factor of resilience.”
BackgroundInfluentialCheung, M.-C., Chan, A. S.-Y., & Yip, J. Y. W. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/182837 · Cited by 21
“Positive emotions such as happiness are associated with relatively greater left-sided activation [95, 97, 99, 101], and negative emotions such as disgust are accompanied by relatively greater right-sided activation [96, 98].”
BackgroundAttachment and Cancer: A Conceptual Integration
Tacón, A. M. (2002) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735402238188 · Cited by 22
“Specifically, affective style refers to consistent individual differences in emotional reactivity and regulation; broadly, it refers to processes that include individual emotional response to challenge, mood, and emotion-relevant cognitive processes.(83) Affect regulation is considered a key component of affective sty…”
BackgroundMoon, S.-Y., Choi, Y. B., Jung, H. K., Lee, Y. I., & Choi, S.-H. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.09.30 · Cited by 19
Totzeck, C., Teismann, T., Hofmann, S. G., von Brachel, R., Zhang, X. C., Pflug, V., & Margraf, J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.035 · Cited by 20
Attachment insecurity and psychological resources associated with adjustment disorders.
Ponizovsky, A. M., Levov, K., Schultz, Y., & Radomislensky, I. (2011) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01095.x · Cited by 21
“…resilience, where self-efficacy and self-esteem are considered to be internal resource factors in stress appraisal processes and behavioral adaptation (Bonanno, Galea, Bucciareli, & Vlahov, 2007; Cicchetti, Rogosch, Lynch, & Holt, 1993; Davidson, 2000; Ong, Bergeman, Bisconti, & Wallace, 2006).”
Responding to framed health messages: Different strokes for different (handedness) folks
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Processing of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral words in a lateralised emotional Stroop task
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“…tone of emotions seems to be important for their lateralisation, an assumption referred to as the valence hypothesis: Whereas pleasant affect is related to a stronger activation of the left hemisphere, unpleasant affect is related to a stronger activation of the right hemisphere (Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacological interventions to treat or prevent neurocognitive decline after brain radiation
Rooney, J., & Laack, N. N. (2013) · CNS Oncology · doi:10.2217/cns.13.60 · Cited by 20
“48 Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom. Med. 65, 564–570 (2003).”
BackgroundAnd What About The Family Back Home? International Migration and Happiness In Cuenca, Ecuador
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“For example, Davidson (2000) reviews psychophysiological research which demonstrates that disruptions in emotion regulation rather than emotional intensity per se, contribute to the onset and maintenance of anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundInfluentialCirculatory and Central Nervous System Responses to Different Types of Mental Stress
Liu, X., Iwanaga, K., & Koda, S. (2011) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.ms1272 · Cited by 19
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Burning Issues in Dispositional Mindfulness Research
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Transacting brains: testing an actor–partner model of frontal EEG activity in mother–infant dyads
Krzeczkowski, J. E., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001558 · Cited by 18
“…adult alpha band (8–13 Hz) and infant alpha band (6–9 Hz) measured using EEG at the left and right anterior cerebral hemispheres are known to reflect individual differences in emotional and motivational tendencies (Coan & Allen, 2004; Davidson, 2000; Fox, 1991, 1994; Harmon-Jones & Gable, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLorenzo, M. D., Bucsea, O., Rumeo, C., Waxman, J. A., Flora, D. B., Schmidt, L. A., & Riddell, R. P. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.045 · Cited by 17
Psychosocial Stress, Emotion Regulation, and Resilience in Adolescence
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“Implicated brain circuits include increased and sustained amygdala activity and decreased prefrontal regulatory control (Clark and Beck, 2010; Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundEEG during lavender and rosemary exposure in infants of depressed and non-depressed mothers
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“Specifically, findings suggest that the left PFC is an important brain area in a widespread circuit that mediates appetitive approach, while the right PFC appears to form a major component of a neural circuit that instantiates defensive withdrawal [15, 16].”
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“Also, emotional reactivity may be more biologically based ( Davidson 2000; Siegel 1999) and susceptible to change.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davidson, Richard J.
- ORCID
- Davidson, Richard J.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1196-1214
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W1977115078
- Cited by
- 890
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 10.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh040747-14)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH61083, P50MH061083, P50-MH 52354, P50MH052354, MH40747, MH 43454, MH00875)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Keywords
- affective style, emotion regulation, resilience, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, individual differences, brain asymmetry, neuroplasticity, psychopathology, positive affect
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Humans, Individuality, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Personality, Psychopathology, Prefrontal Cortex, Mood Disorders
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