The impact of mindfulness on emotion dysregulation and psychophysiological reactivity under emotional provocation.
Abstract
The present study employed physiological measures and a working memory task in addition to self-report measures to seek a better understanding of the relationship between brief mindfulness training and the experience and regulation of emotion. Seventy undergraduate students at a small southern state university completed baseline measures of trait mindfulness and emotion regulation before experiencing a 15-minute recording (mindfulness or control), and then completing a state mindfulness measure. Participants then experienced an emotion induction (positive or negative), before completing state emotion dysregulation and affect measures, and then completing a working memory task, finishing with the state mindfulness measure again. Physiological measures were recorded throughout the experimental session. Results indicated that the mindfulness induction was sufficient to increase mindfulness, demonstrated by greater self-report of state mindfulness, greater L > R frontal brain asymmetry, and greater heart rate variability at the completion of the intervention as compared to the Control group. Further, participants receiving the mindfulness induction experienced greater emotional awareness, indicated by reporting greater positive affect regardless of induction and greater negative affect when experiencing a negative induction. Experiencing a negative emotion induction after mindfulness training also resulted in feeling more overwhelmed and unable to improve their emotional state, suggesting the mindfulness induction was successful in reducing emotional avoidance, but failed to improve emotion regulation capacity sufficiently to withstand the demands of an aversive emotional experience. These results have significant clinical implications since it appears that individuals may feel more dysregulated while initially experiencing increased mindfulness.
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Mindfulness processes exert their therapeutic effects by improving maladaptive affect regulation.
“Research suggests that mindfulness processes exert their therapeutic effects by improving maladaptive affect regulation (e.g., correlational data [19]; experimental data [20]; review [21]).”
From Mindfulness facets differentially relate to self-reported negative and positive emotional eating types in treatment-seeking adults with overweight/obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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“…that mindfulness processes exert their therapeutic effects by improving maladaptive affect regulation (e.g., correlational data [14]; experimental data [15]; review [16]); thus, mindfulness processes may exert therapeutic effects on emotional eating by improving maladaptive affect regulation.”
BackgroundHepner, K. A., Bloom, E. L., Newberry, S. J., Sousa, J., Osilla, K. C., Booth, M. S., Bialas, A., & Rutter, C. M. (2022) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-10-01-09 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mediation of the Association Between Mindfulness and Emotional Eating Among Overweight Individuals
Watford, T. S., Braden, A. L., & Emley, E. A. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1064-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationTunnell, N. C., Ritz, T., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Meuret, A. E. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.03.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Poquérusse, J., Pagnini, F., & Langer, E. J. (2020) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-020-00180-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Putica, A. (2024) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2400014x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Çek, D., Reese, H. E., Broos, H. C., & Timpano, K. R. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01934-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The importance of language: A comparison of consumer and academic definitions of mindfulness
Ryu, K. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12530 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Carbonell, N. G., Molla‐Esparza, C., Lorente, S., Viguer, P., & Losilla, J.-M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324531 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
College Students Who Are Mindful About Math Achieve Better Grades
Weed, K. A., Usry, C. H., & Stafford, J. (2021) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12308 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAtkins, E., & Muscat-Inglott, M. (2023) · International Journal of Emotional Education · doi:10.56300/kcyy1339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the Impact of CM-II Meditation on Stress Levels in College Students through HRV Analysis
Gopi, S., Dehbozorgi, N., & Khan, M. A. A. H. (2024) · ASEE Southeast Section Conference · doi:10.18260/1-2--45529 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of Mindfulness on Verbal Distress Disclosure
Fleming, S. (2015) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Efficaciousness of Mindfulness Interventions for Trauma Using Psychophysiological Measures: A Review
Eldeeb, S. Y. (2018) · Clark Digital Commons (Clark University)
Smith, B. M. (2019) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/9g7h-e218
Patanyi, A. L., Kökönyei, G., Rigó, A., Vekety, B., Koncz, Á., Fodor, S., Szentiványi, D., & Takács, Z. K. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6613113/v1
- Authors
- Watford, T. S., & Stafford, J.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina Aiken (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 90-109
- ISSN
- 2326-5523 (ISSN-L)
- 2326-5531
- OpenAlex
- W2062201313
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, emotional reactivity, emotion induction, heart rate variability, emotional awareness, positive and negative affect, emotional avoidance, working memory, trait mindfulness, state mindfulness
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