The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: A transdisciplinary perspective.
Abstract
The use of racial variables in genetic studies has become a matter of intense public debate, with implications for research design and translation into practice. Using research on smoking as a springboard, the authors examine the history of racial categories, current research practices, and arguments for and against using race variables in genetic analyses. The authors argue that the sociopolitical constructs appropriate for monitoring health disparities are not appropriate for use in genetic studies investigating the etiology of complex diseases. More powerful methods for addressing population structure exist, and race variables are unacceptable as gross proxies for numerous social/environmental factors that disproportionately affect minority populations. The authors conclude with recommendations for genetic researchers and policymakers, aimed at facilitating better science and producing new knowledge useful for reducing health disparities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Genomic Control for Association Studies
Devlin, B., & Roeder, K. (1999) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00997.x · Cited by 3,162
A vision for the future of genomics research
Collins, F. S., Green, E. D., Guttmacher, A. E., Guyer, M. S., & on behalf of the US National Human Genome Research Institute (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01626 · Cited by 1,752
Botstein, D., & Risch, N. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1090 · Cited by 1,503
Use of Unlinked Genetic Markers to Detect Population Stratification in Association Studies
Pritchard, J. K., & Rosenberg, N. A. (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302449 · Cited by 1,198
Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Implications for Studies of Health, Disease, and Well-being
Krieger, N., Rowley, D. L., Herman, A. A., Avery, B., & Phillips, M. T. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30666-4 · Cited by 956
Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions
Williams, D. R. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00051-3 · Cited by 825
Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis
Diez-Roux, A. V., Nieto, F. J., Muntaner, C., Tyroler, H. A., Comstock, G. W., Shahar, E., Cooper, L. S., Watson, R. L., & Szklo, M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009191 · Cited by 744
Krieger, N., Chen, J. T., Waterman, P. D., Rehkopf, D. H., & Subramanian, S. V. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.10.1655 · Cited by 711
Socioeconomic Status Differences in Vulnerability to Undesirable Life Events
McLeod, J. D., & Kessler, R. C. (1990) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137170 · Cited by 672 · cited 1×
“Further, lower SES poses risks with respect to exposure to adverse life events, violence, stress, and anxiety (McLeod & Kessler, 1990; Taylor, Repetti, & Seeman, 1997), all of which may increase liability to nicotine addiction (Diez-Roux et al., 1997; Rakowski, 1988).”
Background
Cited by
Prioritizing diversity in human genomics research
Hindorff, L. A., Bonham, V. L., Brody, L. C., Ginoza, M. E. C., Hutter, C. M., Manolio, T. A., & Green, E. D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.89 · Cited by 386
Genomewide association for schizophrenia in the CATIE study: results of stage 1
Sullivan, P. F., Lin, D., Tzeng, J.-Y., van den Oord, E., Perkins, D., Stroup, T. S., Wagner, M., Lee, S., Wright, F. A., Zou, F., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.25 · Cited by 355
Self-citationScientific Imaginaries and Ethical Plateaus in Contemporary U.S. Toxicology
FORTUN, K., & FORTUN, M. (2005) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2005.107.1.043 · Cited by 317
Self-citationRacial Categories in Medical Practice: How Useful Are They?
Braun, L., Fausto-Sterling, A., Fullwiley, D., Hammonds, E. M., Nelson, A., Quivers, W., Reverby, S. M., & Shields, A. E. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040271 · Cited by 236
Self-citationRacial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the treatment of brain tumors
Curry, W. T., & Barker, F. G. (2009) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9840-5 · Cited by 152
Metadata
- Authors
- Shields, A. E., Fortun, M., Hammonds, E. M., King, P. A., Lerman, C., Rapp, R., & Sullivan, P. F.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-103
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W1986652078
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 10.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: A transdisciplinary perspective. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.77
- The paper
- Shields, A. E., Fortun, M., Hammonds, E. M., King, P. A., Lerman, C., Rapp, R., & Sullivan, P. F. (2005). The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: A transdisciplinary perspective. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.77
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
