The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inference by Eye: Confidence Intervals and How to Read Pictures of Data.
Abstract
Wider use in psychology of confidence intervals (CIs), especially as error bars in figures, is a desirable development. However, psychologists seldom use CIs and may not understand them well. The authors discuss the interpretation of figures with error bars and analyze the relationship between CIs and statistical significance testing. They propose 7 rules of eye to guide the inferential use of figures with error bars. These include general principles: Seek bars that relate directly to effects of interest, be sensitive to experimental design, and interpret the intervals. They also include guidelines for inferential interpretation of the overlap of CIs on independent group means. Wider use of interval estimation in psychology has the potential to improve research communication substantially.
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Cites
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Lakens, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863 · Cited by 10,303
“For excellent examples, see ESCI (Cumming and Finch, 2005), confidence interval software by Smithson (2001), and G ∗ Power (Faul et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDurlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x · Cited by 10,854
“Multiple papers evaluating the same intervention but containing different outcome data at post or follow-up for the same cohort were combined into a single study.”
BackgroundMethodseaborn: statistical data visualization
Waskom, M. (2021) · Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.03021 · Cited by 7,310
“The confidence intervals are computed with a bootstrap algorithm, allowing them to generalize over many different statistics, and the default level allows the user to perform “inference by eye” (Cumming & Finch, 2005).”
MethodThe New Statistics: Why and How
Cumming, G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613504966 · Cited by 3,200
“The best way to think of SE bars on a mean is usually to double the whole length—so the bars extend 2 SE above and 2 SE below the mean—and interpret them as being, approximately, the 95% CI, as Figure 2 illustrates (Cumming & Finch, 2005).”
Self-citationEllis, P. D. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511761676 · Cited by 2,461
Metadata
- Authors
- Cumming, G., & Finch, S.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 170-180
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2005534705
- Cited by
- 1,449
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 39.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- confidence intervals, error bars, statistical significance testing, interval estimation, scholarly communication
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Confidence Intervals
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