Cited by 1,252Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCultural Differences and ValuesMental Health Treatment and Access

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Culture and social support.

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Kim, Heejung S., Sherman, David K., Taylor, Shelley E.·2008·American Psychologist

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Abstract

Social support is one of the most effective means by which people can cope with stressful events. Yet little research has examined whether there are cultural differences in how people utilize their social support networks. A review of studies on culture and social support presents evidence that Asians and Asian Americans are more reluctant to explicitly ask for support from close others than are European Americans because they are more concerned about the potentially negative relational consequences of such behaviors. Asians and Asian Americans are more likely to use and benefit from forms of support that do not involve explicit disclosure of personal stressful events and feelings of distress. Discussion centers on the potential implications of these findings for intercultural interactions and for the use of mental health services by Asians and Asian Americans.

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“Kim et al. contrasted the respective psychological influences of growing up in more “collectivistic” (p. 519) Asian cultures versus “individualistic” (p. 519) European American cultures and concluded that Asians and Asian Americans are more comfortable with “implicit social support” (p. 522) than with the “explicit so…”
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“Indeed, empirical research has suggested that high levels of social support helped people cope with psychological stress (Kim et al., 2008) and promoted mental health in the wake of trauma (Prati & Pietrantoni, 2010).”
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“Further, other researchers (Taylor et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2008) have found that in comparison to European Americans, Asian Americans were less likely to utilize social support in coping with stress because they were concerned about the possible relational ramifications of seeking support, such as…”
Background
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“These cultural differences manifest as differences in social relationships and support- seeking (Kim et al., 2008).”
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“…OXTR rs53576, Kim et al. (2010a) looked at emotional support seeking, which is considered a culturally normative behavior in North America, based on previous research (Kim et al. 2008; Taylor et al. 2004), and explored whether the culturally normative behavior would be subject to genetic influence.”
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“Given the cultural emphasis on group harmony and mutual obligation, members of Asian collectivistic cultures may be less likely to recruit explicit social support to avoid burdening others or losing face (Kim et al., 2008; Wang & Lau, 2015).”
Background
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“On the contrary, Americans assume that individuals have the freedom to proactively satisfy personal needs, and thus may not hesitate to recruit support from others (Kim et al., 2008).”
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DOES PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT PREDICT QUALITY OF LIFE IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Yasien, S., Alvi, T., & Moghal, F. (2013) · Asian journal of social sciences & humanities · Cited by 7
Bent, But Not Broken: Locus-of-Hope and Well-Being Among Malaysians Facing Economic Challenges Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
Tee, E. Y. J., Shah, R. I. A. B. R. R., Ramis, T., & Jia-Qi, L. C. (2022) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00653-y · Cited by 7
“In fact, contrary to assumptions that individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to seek social support because their self-concept is related to others, some studies show that this is not the case (Kim et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2004).”
Background
To Tweet or Not To Tweet: Factors Affecting the Intensity of Twitter Usage in Japan and the Online and Offline Sociocultural Norms
Wang, S. S. (2016) · International journal of communication · Cited by 7
Ethnicity moderates the effects of resources on adjustment of Jewish and Arab mothers of children diagnosed with cancer
Ben-Zur, H., & Khoury, S. M. (2017) · Journal of psychosocial oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2017.1323816 · Cited by 7
“High levels of social support contributed to coping with psychological stress (Kim et al., 2008), promoted mental health in the wake of trauma (Prati & Pietrantoni, 2010), and buffered the negative effects of a major disaster on distress (Arnberg, Hultman, Michel, & Lundin, 2012).”
Background
Social Support
Abi‐Hashem, N., & Barbuto, I. G. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp504 · Cited by 7
Psychiatric Healthcare Experiences of South Asian Patients with Severe Mental Illness Diagnoses and Their Families in New York City: A Qualitative Study
Mohsin, F. M., Aravala, S., Rahman, T., Ali, S. H., Taher, M., Mitra, P., & Misra, S. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01323-1 · Cited by 6
“Some research indicates that individuals from collectivistic backgrounds, such as Asian Americans, tend to have better mental health outcomes due to the social support received from their families (Huang et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2008).”
Designing Digital Mental Health Tools to Support the Needs of Black Adults in the United States: Qualitative Analysis
Popowski, S. A., Meyerhoff, J., Allen, O. M., Nguyen, T., McCall, T., Pederson, A. B., Reddy, M. C., Mohr, D. C., & Kornfield, R. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/73279 · Cited by 7
“Despite its potential benefits, social sharing is complicated when disclosing identities or experiences that are stigmatized [55,56].”
Physical exercise and depression in university students with psychological resilience as mediator and family support as moderator
Yang, F., Gao, Y., & Liu, F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17317-2 · Cited by 12
Epidemiological trends of depression and anxiety at global, regional, and national level: A population-based observational study from 1990 to 2021 based on Global Burden of Disease 2021
Chen, M., Wang, Y., & Tan, C. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000047094 · Cited by 9
“[29] In addition, psychological distress, characterized by somatization in East Asia, is often expressed through physical behaviors such as headaches, fatigue rather than emotional or cognitive symptoms, which can lead to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of anxiety and depression.”
WEIRDness abounds! Sample characteristics, restricted variance, and why they matter for international selection and assessment research
Alley, L., & Cortina, J. M. (2023) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12422 · Cited by 6
Positive and negative qualities of South African adolescents' parent and peer relationships
Lesch, E., & de Jager, N. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2013.825620 · Cited by 6
East Asian Students’ Experiences of Learning Dance/Movement Therapy in the US: A Phenomenological Investigation
Ko, K. S. (2016) · American Journal of Dance Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10465-016-9223-3 · Cited by 6
Effect of Spouse's Participation in Childbirth Preparation Classes in the Promotion of Social Support Among Pregnant Women
Soltanshahi, Z., Azh, N., Griffiths, M. D., & Ranjkesh, F. (2020) · Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior · doi:10.4103/shb.shb_22_20 · Cited by 6
“Psychologically, social support includes emotional support, material assistance, empathy, guidance, positive feedback, social participation, and intimate interaction is suitable for those people who experienced or confronted with stressful events.[4] Family support and avoidance from feeling loneliness, as well as und…”
Background
Culture in cancer survivorship interventions for Asian Americans: A systematic review and critical analyses.
Cao, W., & Cho, H. (2021) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000225 · Cited by 8
Culture-related differences in the neural processing of probability during mixed lottery value-based decision-making
Lee, C., Chen, C., Mair, R. W., Gutchess, A. H., & Goh, J. O. S. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108209 · Cited by 6
Lower help-seeking intentions mediate subsequent depressive symptoms among adolescents with high autistic traits: a population-based cohort study
Hosozawa, M., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Morimoto, Y., Kanata, S., Fujikawa, S., Cable, N., Iso, H., Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa, M., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01895-3 · Cited by 6
Sex Differences in the Relationship Between Emotional Support and Self-rated Health among Chinese Elderly
Zeng, X., Liu, X., Mahe, J., Guo, K., Wang, L., Li, L., & Jing, L. (2023) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171231212284 · Cited by 6
“50 So there was no signi ﬁ cant difference in self-rated health between the elderly who never and who always seek emotional support, although women tended to seek emotional support to a greater extent than men in the face of stress.”
Background
Quantity and quality: Dimensions and provisions of social support inform the role of social pain minimization in the discrimination-to-mental health relation among Black Americans
Benbow, K. L., & Kunstman, J. W. (2024) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2024.43.1.81 · Cited by 6
Cultural and Social Aspects of Anxiety Disorders
Holly, L. E. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.04.017 · Cited by 8
Three-generation attachment: How grandmothers and mothers contribute to children's attachment security
Cook, G. A., & Roggman, L. A. (2010) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2010.531051 · Cited by 6
Factors Contributing to Poor Sleep Quality as Perceived by Heart Transplant Recipients in Taiwan
Tseng, P., Shih, F. J., Yang, F.-C., Shih, F. J., & Wang, S. (2014) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.046 · Cited by 6
“When Asians and Asian Americans are facing personally stressful events, they prefer to have significant social support [11].”
Background
Testing predictive models of positive and negative affect with psychosocial, acculturation, and coping variables in a multiethnic undergraduate sample
Kuo, B. C. H., & Kwantes, C. T. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-119 · Cited by 7
“These variables have included acculturation and enculturation (Yoon et al. 2012; Nguyen and Benet-Martinez 2013), social support (Kim et al. 2008), diverse cultural coping behaviors (Kuo 2011; Kuo et al. 2006), and religious coping behaviors (Tarakeshwar et al. 2003), to name a few.”
Background
Preliminary Validation of an Arabic Version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-28)
Bayyat, M. M., Almoghrabi, A. H., & Ay, K. M. (2016) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v12n7p186 · Cited by 7
East Asian dance/movement therapy educators’ experiences of teaching dance/movement therapy in East Asia after training in the US
Ko, K. S. (2020) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2020.101711 · Cited by 7
“Regarding communication style in education, Park and Kim (2008) examined the relationship between cultural values and communication styles among Asian American (n = 210) and European American (n = 136) college students: Higher adherence to emotional self-control and lower adherence to European…”
Background
An Agent-Based Model Predicting Group Emotion and Misbehaviours in Stranded Passengers
Medeiros, L., & van der Wal, C. N. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65340-2_3 · Cited by 6
“[11] as people supporting each other within a social network context, has been addressed by researchers from Artificial Intelligence field.”
Background
Disease factors associated with spousal influence on diabetic diet: An exploratory comparison of Vietnamese American and White older adults
August, K. J., Dowell, A., & Sorkin, D. H. (2017) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102917738658 · Cited by 6
“Not only is the prevalence of diabetes higher among Vietnamese Americans than Whites (McNeely and Boyko, 2004) but rates of diabetes-related morbidities and mortality also are higher for Vietnamese Americans compared to Whites (e.g. Pugh et al., 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
Conditions for identity development among religious immigrant youth
Vikdahl, L., & Liljestrand, J. (2020) · Journal of Beliefs and Values · doi:10.1080/13617672.2020.1836785 · Cited by 6
Support, Depressive Symptoms, and the Stigma towards Seeking Mental Health Help
Talebi, M., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2013) · International Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.11114/ijsss.v1i1.36 · Cited by 6
“As they share a cultural understanding that they should not burden others with their private matters, collectivist individuals might be more cautious about raising personal concerns with others (Kim et al., 2008).”
Background
Perceived social support in Iranian older adults: A qualitative study
Nazari, S., Foroughan, M., Shahboulaghi, F. M., Rassouli, M., Sadeghmoghadam, L., Farhadi, A., & Shabestari, A. N. (2016) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2016.1139970 · Cited by 7
Factores sociodemográficos explicativos del guion de base segura materno
Nóblega, M., Koroleff, P. T., Ugarte, A., & Caballero, L. (2017) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.201702.007 · Cited by 6
Examining cultural and gender similarities and differences in college students’ value of communication skills in romantic relationships
Kim, I., Feng, B., Wang, B., & Jang, J. (2018) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2018.1470544 · Cited by 6
The Dynamics of Spousal Relationships After the Loss of a Child Among Bereaved Malay Parents
Hussin, N. A. M., Mohammad, T., Azman, A., Guàrdia‐Olmos, J., & Aho, A. L. (2018) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v12i1.288 · Cited by 6
“A study by Kim, Sherman, and Taylor (2008) among Asian people revealed that they are absent of explicit disclosure.”
Background

Authors: Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Taylor, S. E.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Kim, Heejung S.
Sherman, David K.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 63
Issue: 6
Pages: 518-526
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x
OpenAlex: W2018535391
Cited by: 1,252
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 103.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
escholarship.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Funders: National Science Foundation (BCS-033863; BCS-0729532)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: social support, culture, cultural differences, Asian Americans, European Americans, help-seeking, stress coping, intercultural interaction, mental health service utilization
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Asian, Culture, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Social Support, Stress, Psychological

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