Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events

Wethington, Elaine; Kessler, Ronald C.

doi:10.2307/2136504

Cited by 1,431Attachment and Relationship DynamicsHealth disparities and outcomesHealth and Well-being Studies

Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events

Wethington, Elaine, Kessler, Ronald C.·1986·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

DOI 10.2307/2136504

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Abstract

A systematic review of the literature on social support shows that a stress-buffering effect is most consistently found when support is measured as a perception that one's network is ready to provide aid and assistance if needed (Kessler and McLeod, 1985). Two interpretations of this association are considered here: (I) that the perception of support availability indirectly indicates actual network responses to stressful events that more directly promote healthy adjustment; and (2) that the perception of support availability influences adjustment directly by modifying appraisals of the situation. No attempt has been made in the literature to discriminate between these two interpretations. One reason is that a strategy for critically evaluating the competing hypotheses has not yet been developed. A main contribution of our paper is that it exposits such a strategy. A rigorous evaluation of the competing interpretations requires a prospective research design and a data collection effort explicitly aimed at obtaining information about both actual support transactions and perceptions of support availability in hypothetical situations. We know of no data set that meets these dual requirements. As an illustration of the strategy suggested here, however, we analyze cross-sectional data from a large-scale national survey. Although limited, these data provide provisional information about the competing interpretations. Analysis shows that perceived support is, in general, more important than received support in predicting adjustment to stressful life events. We also present evidence that the influence of received support may be mediated by perceived support. These results demonstrate the power of the strategy and argue for a direct evaluation with more appropriate data.

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These other dimensions of social support may interact with perceived social support in predicting distress.
“However, these may interact with perceived social support in predicting distress (Wethington & Kessler, 1986).”
From Cognitive-behavioral therapy for late-life anxiety: Similarities and differences between Veteran and community participants (2015) · cites this paper as Wethington & Kessler, 1986
Perceived social support is a better predictor of mental health and support utilization than other measures of social support.
“Perceived social support is the most commonly measured index of social support,4 given its ease of measurement and evidence that it is a better predictor of mental health and support utilization than other measures.5,6”
From PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT MEDIATES ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOM CHANGES FOLLOWING PRIMARY CARE INTERVENTION: Research Article: Social Support Mediates Symptom Change (2014) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors: Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Wethington, Elaine
Kessler, Ronald C.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1986-03
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 78
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2136504
OpenAlex: W1964417192
Cited by: 1,431
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 27.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (1P01AG03981)
National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH37706, 1 K01 MH00507)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
Keywords: perceived social support, received social support, life events, stress buffering, psychological adjustment, social support networks
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Social Perception, Social Support

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Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events

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