The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: the role of intensified gender socialization
Abstract
The prevalence of depressive mood was examined in a representative and nationwide sample of approximately 12,000 Norwegian adolescents. From the age of 14, girls scored 0.5 SD above boys in depressed mood, a difference that was stable throughout the adolescent period. At the age of 12, no gender difference was found. The gender difference was due to girls becoming more depressed from 13 to 14 years of age. An extended version of the gender intensification hypothesis (J. P. Hill & M. E. Lynch, 1983) was tested as an explanation for the gender difference in depressed mood. Structural equation modeling and regression analyses showed that the gender difference could be explained, in part, by increased developmental challenges for girls--pubertal development, dissatisfaction with weight and attainment of a mature female body, and increased importance of feminine sex role identification. Depressed mood was not associated with masculinity or school change, as had been predicted.
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“The female preponderance in depression is thought to emerge by ages 13–15”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Wichstrøm, 1999
In the citing paper
“The period from 9 to 11 years, which we refer to as late childhood, precedes the increase in depression in females.”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“It is primarily girls who account for the increase in adolescence,2,3 evidencing a 2:1 sex difference in depression that continues throughout the reproductive years.4”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
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Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000102 · Cited by 2,622
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective
Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Ries Merikangas, K. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5 · Cited by 1,181
Co–Rumination in the Friendships of Girls and Boys
Rose, A. J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00509 · Cited by 1,172
Kuehner, C. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x · Cited by 839
Metadata
- Authors
- Wichstrøm, L.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Wichstrøm, Lars
- ORCID
- Wichstrøm, Lars
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 232-245
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2072742403
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 17.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- gender differences, depressive mood, adolescent depression, gender socialization, puberty, body dissatisfaction, gender role identification, developmental difficulties, Norwegian adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Body Image, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Norway, Puberty, Regression Analysis, Sampling Studies, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Socialization, Prevalence
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