Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations

Kuehner, C.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x

Cited by 839Mental Health Treatment and AccessSex and Gender in HealthcareTreatment of Major Depression

Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations

Kuehner, C.·2003·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x

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Abstract

Objective: To give an update on epidemiological findings on sex differences in the prevalence of unipolar depression and putative risk factors. Material and methods: Systematic review of the literature. Results: Recent epidemiological research yields additional evidence for a female preponderance in unipolar depression, holding true across different cultural settings. Current explanations include artefacts, genetic, hormonal, psychological and psychosocial risk factors. Rather consistently, intrapsychic and psychosocial gender role related risk factors have been identified which may contribute to the higher depression risk in women. Gender role aspects are also reflected in endocrine stress reactions and possibly influence associated neuropsychological processes. Conclusion: There is a need for more integrative models taking into account psychological, psychosocial, and macrosocial risk factors as well as their interactions, which also connect these factors with physiological and endocrine responses. Furthermore, it is conceivable that across the life span, as well as across cultural settings, individual risk factors will add with varying emphasis to the higher prevalence of depression in women.

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Depression is about 2 times higher among females throughout the reproductive years and accelerates around pubertal hormonal changes.
“Depression is about 2 times higher among females throughout the reproductive years [173] and accelerates around pubertal hormonal changes [174].”
From Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? (2021) · cites this paper as [174]
Women have a higher prevalence of depression than men.
“Despite the fact that depression is more prevalent among women than men (Kuehner, 2003; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001, 1987)”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Kuehner, 2003

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Authors: Kuehner, C.
Affiliations: Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
Corresponding author: Kuehner, C.
ORCID: Kuehner, C.
Venue: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-07-31
Volume: 108
Issue: 3
Pages: 163-174
ISSN: 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
1600-0447
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x
OpenAlex: W2011334992
Cited by: 839
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: major depressive disorder, sex differences, gender differences, prevalence, risk factors, psychosocial risk factors, gender roles, hormonal factors, endocrine stress response, women's mental health, cross-cultural comparison
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Depressive Disorder, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors

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Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations

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