Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 889

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Maternal Expressed Emotion Predicts Children's Antisocial Behavior Problems: Using Monozygotic-Twin Differences to Identify Environmental Effects on Behavioral Development.

Open access
Caspi, Avshalom, Moffitt, Terrie E., Morgan, Julia, Rutter, Michael, Taylor, Alan, Arseneault, Louise, Tully, Lucy, Jacobs, Catherine, Kim-Cohen, Julia, Polo-Tomas, Monica·2004·Developmental Psychology

Abstract

If maternal expressed emotion is an environmental risk factor for children's antisocial behavior problems, it should account for behavioral differences between siblings growing up in the same family even after genetic influences on children's behavior problems are taken into account. This hypothesis was tested in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study with a nationally representative 1994-1995 birth cohort of twins. The authors interviewed the mothers of 565 five-year-old monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and established which twin in each family received more negative emotional expression and which twin received more warmth. Within MZ pairs, the twin receiving more maternal negativity and less warmth had more antisocial behavior problems. Qualitative interviews were used to generate hypotheses about why mothers treat their children differently. The results suggest that maternal emotional attitudes toward children may play a causal role in the development of antisocial behavior and illustrate how genetically informative research can inform tests of socialization hypotheses.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.149

Cites

78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 78 references

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. 10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.99 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.99 · Paper page
  2. 10.2307/1130902 · doi:10.2307/1130902
  3. 10.1017/S0021963000005643 · doi:10.1017/s0021963000005643 · Paper page
  4. Plomin, 2000, Behavioral genetics
  5. Potter, 1997, Public health perspective on interpersonal violence among youths in the United States., 3
  6. Rovine, 1994, Estimating nonshared environment using sibling discrepancy scores., 33
  7. 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.291 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.291 · Paper page
  8. 10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.624 · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.624 · Paper page
  9. 10.2307/1130897 · DOI
  10. 2001, Stata statistical software: Release 7.0.
  11. 10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.634 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.634
  12. 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.78 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.78 · Paper page
  13. 10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.349 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.349
  14. van der Ende, 1999, Multiple informants: Multiple views., 39
  15. 10.1375/136905298320566456 · doi:10.1375/136905298320566456
  16. 10.1037/0022-006X.66.5.715 · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.5.715 · Paper page

Cited by

See all 889

Metadata

Authors
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Tully, L., Jacobs, C., Kim-Cohen, J., & Polo-Tomas, M.
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Published
2004-03
Volume
40
Issue
2
Pages
149-161
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
OpenAlex
W2132044669
Cited by
889
References
78
FWCI
31.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Maternal Expressed Emotion Predicts Children's Antisocial Behavior Problems: Using Monozygotic-Twin Differences to Identify Environmental Effects on Behavioral Development. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.149
The paper
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Tully, L., Jacobs, C., Kim-Cohen, J., & Polo-Tomas, M. (2004). Maternal Expressed Emotion Predicts Children's Antisocial Behavior Problems: Using Monozygotic-Twin Differences to Identify Environmental Effects on Behavioral Development. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.149

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.