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Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit
Abstract
In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers--in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability--was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions.
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“Female leaders often find themselves in a double bind: highly communal women are criticized for being deficient leaders, and highly agentic women experience backlash for not being female enough (Eagly et al., 2014;Heilman, 2001;Heilman & Okimoto, 2007;Heilman, Wallen, Fuchs, & Tamkins, 2004;Rudman & Glick, 1999, 2001).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Heilman & Okimoto, 2007
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Cites
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
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Heilman, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234 · Cited by 2,482
Self-citationFiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Cited by 2,341
Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women
Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239 · Cited by 1,881
Rudman, L. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629 · Cited by 1,511
Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks.
Heilman, M. E., Wallen, A. S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.416 · Cited by 1,390
Self-citationA Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management
Schein, V. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00235 · Cited by 1,123
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Heilman, M. E. (1983) · Research in Organizational Behavior · Cited by 1,018
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-92
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W1984444903
- Cited by
- 999
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 68.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- women in male-dominated fields, gender stereotypes, nurturing, social sensitivity, women in management, likeability, interpersonal hostility
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Prejudice, Stereotyping
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