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A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an african refugee settlement
Open accessAbstract
Little is known about the usefulness of psychotherapeutic approaches for traumatized refugees who continue to live in dangerous conditions. Narrative exposure therapy (NET) is a short-term approach based on cognitive-behavioral therapy and testimony therapy. The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Sudanese refugees living in a Ugandan refugee settlement (N = 43) who were diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) either received 4 sessions of NET, 4 sessions of supportive counseling (SC), or psychoeducation (PE) completed in 1 session. One year after treatment, only 29% of the NET participants but 79% of the SC group and 80% of the PE group still fulfilled PTSD criteria. These results indicate that NET is a promising approach for the treatment of PTSD for refugees living in unsafe conditions.
Overview
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TL;DR
In a randomized controlled trial with Sudanese refugees living in a Ugandan settlement, narrative exposure therapy (NET) produced better long-term PTSD outcomes than supportive counseling (SC) or psychoeducation (PE). One year after treatment, only 29% of NET participants still met PTSD criteria, compared with 79% of SC and 80% of PE participants.
Key findings
- Among refugees with PTSD (N = 43), 1-year follow-up PTSD diagnosis was 29% (4/14) for NET, 79% (11/14) for SC, and 80% (8/10) for PE; group differences were significant, χ²(2, N = 38) = 9.48, p < .01.
- NET showed significantly greater improvement on PTSD measures: PDS Time × Treatment interaction, F(6, 54) = 4.30, p = .01, η² = .31; CIDI Time × Treatment interaction, F(2, 34) = 4.87, p = .01, η² = .21; contrasts favored NET over both SC and PE.
- No significant Time × Treatment effects were found for comorbid anxiety/depression (SRQ-20) or psychological health (SF-12); at 1 year, 50% of NET, 77% of SC, and 91% of PE participants were still classified as severe mental health cases by SRQ-20 cutoff.
- Post hoc, more NET participants left the settlement (62%) than SC (7%) or PE (17%), χ²(2, N = 40) = 12.34, p < .01; those who left reported fewer traumatic event types (M = 2.50, SD = 1.97) than those who stayed (M = 4.00, SD = 2.40), t(39) = 2.20, p = .03.
Methods
- Randomized controlled trial in Imvepi settlement, northern Uganda; 77 previously surveyed refugees were screened, 43 met DSM-IV PTSD criteria and were randomized by dice to NET (n = 17), SC (n = 14), or PE (n = 12).
- Treatment consisted of 4 sessions for NET and SC, or 1 session for PE; sessions were 90 min, extendable to 120 min for exceptional sessions; assessments occurred pretreatment, posttreatment, 4 months, and 1 year.
- Outcomes included CIDI PTSD interview, PDS, SRQ-20, SF-12, and a 31-item trauma event checklist; analyses used repeated measures ANOVA/MANOVA, Bonferroni-corrected contrasts (α = .025), restricted maximum likelihood for missing data, and adjustment for further traumatic events.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: treatment was delivered by well-trained European psychologists, making it costly and not directly scalable; exact session duration was not monitored, so a dosage effect cannot be fully ruled out; the supportive counseling condition may not represent current standard counseling; comorbid anxiety and depression remained high across groups; the migration finding was post hoc.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small with unequal group sizes; 1-year follow-up was affected by substantial migration/attrition, especially in the NET group (62% had left the settlement), which may bias follow-up comparisons; follow-up extended only to 1 year, and refugees continued to live in unsafe conditions.
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43 Own result · 24 Own method · 17 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant Time ϫ Treatment interaction was found for the PDS (Wilks's ϭ .78),F(6, 54) ϭ 4.30, p ϭ .01, 2 ϭ .31.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the SRQ, neither the comparison between narrative exposure therapy and supportive counseling nor the comparison between narrative exposure therapy and psychoeducation revealed a significant difference.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to our hypotheses, no significant Time ϫ Treatment interaction was found for the SRQ, F(6, 106) ϭ 0.20, 2 ϭ 0.02, p Ͼ .90, or for the SF-12, F(6, 106) ϭ 1.80, 2 ϭ 0.11, p ϭ .10.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contrast analysis revealed that the narrative exposure therapy group had a better improvement at the 1-year follow-up than did the supportive counseling group, F(1, 106) ϭ 5.65, p Ͻ .01,as well as the psychoeducation group, F(1, 106) ϭ 14.00, p Ͻ .01.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They showed that significantly fewer participants in the narrative exposure therapy group presented with PTSD than in the supportive counseling group, p ϭ .01 or in the psychoeducation group, p ϭ .02.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the contrast analysis, the narrative exposure therapy group differed significantly from the supportive counseling group, F(1, 34) ϭ 7.05, p ϭ .01 as well as the psychoeducation group, F(1, 34) ϭ 7.03, p ϭ .01.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contrast analysis revealed that the narrative exposure therapy group had a better improvement at the 1-year follow-up than did the supportive counseling group, F(1, 106) ϭ 5.65, p Ͻ .01,as well as the psychoeducation group, F(1, 106) ϭ 14.00, p Ͻ .01.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They showed that significantly fewer participants in the narrative exposure therapy group presented with PTSD than in the supportive counseling group, p ϭ .01 or in the psychoeducation group, p ϭ .02.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, effect sizes did not indicate a superiority of the narrative exposure therapy group on these measures.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to our hypotheses, no significant Time ϫ Treatment interaction was found for the SRQ, F(6, 106) ϭ 0.20, 2 ϭ 0.02, p Ͼ .90, or for the SF-12, F(6, 106) ϭ 1.80, 2 ϭ 0.11, p ϭ .10.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the majority of participants were still classified as severe mental health case in the supportive counseling (77%) and psychoeducation (91%) groups.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrast analyses showed a significant difference between narrative exposure therapy and supportive counseling for the SF-12, F(1, 106) ϭ 7.20, p Ͻ .01,but not between narrative exposure therapy and psychoeducation, F(1, 106) ϭ 0.34, p ϭ .54.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern was confirmed by the CIDI, with a significant Time ϫ Treatment interaction, F(2, 34) ϭ 4.87, p ϭ .01, 2 ϭ .21.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when interpreting this value the fact that the psychoeducation group presented with a negative effect of Ϫ0.5 at posttest must be accounted for.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PDS scores showed a worsening of PTSD symptoms for all groups between the posttest and the 4-month follow-up, possibly reflecting an increase in the occupation with the traumatic past, as food rations were cut down dramatically in this period and the refugees were under pressure to leave the settlement to places where they had experienced traumatic events.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference was significant, 2 (2, N ϭ 40) ϭ 12.34, p Ͻ .01.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no systematic group differences in any of the sociodemographic variables, as confirmed by Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences between the treatment groups were significant, 2 (2, N ϭ 38) ϭ 9.48, p Ͻ .01.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the 1-year follow-up assessment we observed that a large proportion of the refugees had left the settlement.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The respondents found it difficult to identify a single worst event, as in most cases they had experienced a series of traumatic events with similar high intensity.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 3 presents the results of this analysis, indicating that only in the narrative exposure therapy group did the majority of participants exhibit an absence of PTSD 1 year after treatment.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of one or more further traumatic events in the 1-year follow-up period was 93%.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrast analyses showed a significant difference between narrative exposure therapy and supportive counseling for the SF-12, F(1, 106) ϭ 7.20, p Ͻ .01,but not between narrative exposure therapy and psychoeducation, F(1, 106) ϭ 0.34, p ϭ .54.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fisher's exact tests (Bonferroni corrected ␣ ϭ.025) showed that from the narrative exposure therapy group significantly more refugees left than from the supportive counseling group ( p Ͻ .01)or from the psychoeducation group ( p ϭ .01).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 43 (56%) presented with PTSD according to criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.[DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plainn = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of a long-term effect on both PTSD and comorbid anxiety and depression for the supportive counseling condition brings into serious question the current practice of many psychosocial organizations to apply untested counseling approaches as a standard method for traumatized refugees.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All groups improved somewhat during the 1-year period after therapy, according to indicators of anxiety, depression, and overall mental health.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the SRQ, neither the comparison between narrative exposure therapy and supportive counseling nor the comparison between narrative exposure therapy and psychoeducation revealed a significant difference.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to this index, before treatment all partici-pants were classified as suffering from severe mental problems.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the contrast analysis, the narrative exposure therapy group differed significantly from the supportive counseling group, F(1, 34) ϭ 7.05, p ϭ .01 as well as the psychoeducation group, F(1, 34) ϭ 7.03, p ϭ .01.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fisher's exact tests (Bonferroni corrected ␣ ϭ.025) showed that from the narrative exposure therapy group significantly more refugees left than from the supportive counseling group ( p Ͻ .01)or from the psychoeducation group ( p ϭ .01).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in the distribution of cases and non-cases in the treatment group did not reach significance (Fisher's exact test p ϭ Ϫ.08) at 1-year follow-up.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the 1-year follow-up, the narrative exposure therapy effect sizes (1.6 for PDS and 1.9 for CIDI) indicated a clinically significant change for PTSD symptoms that did not occur in the other groups.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants reported a mean of 3.55 (SD ϭ 2.36) event types for the time between treatment and the examination.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, comorbid symptoms were not sufficiently improved in the majority of patients as a result of treatment.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results indicate that NET is a promising approach for the treatment of PTSD for refugees living in unsafe conditions.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These living conditions question the applicability of psychotherapeutic treatment approaches that have been developed for western PTSD populations.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Treatment protocols for PTSD typically require a safe and reassuring environment, which is difficult to meet in refugee camps and settlements.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result indicated a worsening of those who received minimal intervention during the same time period.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the type of supportive counseling applied in this study might not be representative of counseling practices in other organizations, as talking about the traumatic event was avoided in our supportive counseling condition.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of standardized procedures of trauma counseling prevented the inclusion of a group that was representative for the current standard of trauma counseling.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In most cases, counseling procedures and duration of treatment are not rigorously standardized.
In the paper
“As an exception, Paunovic and Ost (2001) showed that exposure treatment is a promising treatment approach for refugees.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paunovic and Ost (2001)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, there was no control group in this study that controlled for spontaneous remission and unspecific effects.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paunovic and Ost (2001)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 1-year follow-up, the narrative exposure therapy group presented with a significantly better outcome on measures of posttraumatic stress than either of the other groups.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Little knowledge about the efficacy of counseling in general exists (Bower et al., 2002), and as of yet there is no clinical trial that examined the efficacy of counseling approaches for traumatized refugees.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bower et al., 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Following the wide-scale survey, the Imvepi settlement in northern Uganda was selected for the treatment group, as the refugees living there presented with the highest prevalence of PTSD (51%).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Setting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karunakara et al., in press
- Not checked yetcites Schauer et al., 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings can be applied only to the minority of refugees who manage to flee to Western countries and to adapt to the new culture.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These results indicate that the wellestablished knowledge about the efficacy of exposure techniques for the treatment of PTSD (Foa, 2000) can be transferred to refugee populations living in unsafe conditions.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa, 2000
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, nonspecific treatment effects, which are quite probable in the confrontation with European therapists, cannot fully account for the efficacy of narrative exposure therapy, as the supportive counseling group did not benefit to the same extent.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This shows that the improvement of the narrative exposure therapy participants cannot be attributed to spontaneous recovery, as the psychoeducation participants who received a minimal intervention did not improve in the same way.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The size of the treatment effect on posttraumatic symptoms at posttest (0.6) was lower than the effect sizes reported in other treatment studies involving exposure techniques with traumatized populations in industrialized countries (e.g., Foa et al, 1999;Tarrier et al., 1999).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa et al, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Tarrier et al., 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The fact that there was no dropout in the narrative exposure therapy group is noteworthy, as other treatment studies have reported high dropout rates for exposure therapy for PTSD of up to 28% (Foa et al., 1991).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa et al., 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes even had direct effects on the life of the refugees.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We carried out a randomized controlled trial of three different short-term treatment methods for survivors of war experiences who suffered from PTSD in a settlement for Sudanese refugees in North Uganda.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Narrative exposure therapy was superior to counseling and psychoeducation with regard to significant longterm changes in PTSD symptoms and behavior.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study shows that refugees who suffer from PTSD seek and accept psychosocial treatment even when living in difficult living conditions.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One year after treatment, only 29% of the NET participants but 79% of the SC group and 80% of the PE group still fulfilled PTSD criteria.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sphericity assumption was met for the SRQ, the SF-12, and the CIDI, but not for the PDS.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reason for not participating or for terminating treatment was generally due to a lack of time given the need to cultivate the fields at the beginning of the rainy season.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participation
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The narrative exposure therapy group showed more improvement than the other groups, yet the difference was not significant, as 50% of this group was still classified as severely psychologically disturbed.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the specific improvement of the narrative exposure therapy participants, the symptom scores still remained high but the change was clinically significant, as 71% of the narrative exposure therapy patients no longer fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, a significantly larger proportion than in the two other groups.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only in the supportive counseling group did any patients fail to complete the full treatment; 2 patients in this group discontinued treatment.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participation
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average time past since the worst period of traumatic events was 7.5 years (SD ϭ 3.3).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No major deviations from treatment protocol were detected.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence of the randomization procedure, 17 participants were offered narrative exposure therapy, 14 were offered supportive counseling, and 12 were offered psychoeducation.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participation
plaindirectn = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The randomization procedure resulted in different group sizes.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of participants (52%) reported the witnessing of people badly injured or killed as worst event type (which included the killing of relatives as well as massacres and mutilations); further worst event types were threats with weapons and kidnappings (17%), physical attacks (12%), torture (7%), combat experiences (7%), sexual assaults (5%) and natural disasters (2%).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the exception of only one respondent, all were willing to participate.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plainn = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the narrative exposure therapy group 1 patient refused to participate; all other patients agreed.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participation
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The oral tradition is a common element among many cultures; thus narrative approaches seem ideally suited to cross-cultural applications.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The oral tradition is a common element among many cultures.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As audio recordings were not practicable in the setting, treatment adherence was monitored by requesting the therapists to give a detailed account of either the participant's current life problems (supportive counseling) or the participant's life history recorded thus far (narrative exposure therapy) at least once for each treatment in the supervision meeting.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This questionnaire was used to assess health-related quality of life in different cultures.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for a possible confounding effect of further traumatic life events after treatment, the number of traumatic events reported for the 1-year follow-up period was entered as a covariate.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Psychological functioning was measured with the psychological health scale from the 12-item version of the Medical Outcome Study Self-Report Form (SF-12; Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, selected treatment sessions were directly observed by the first or second author.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The informed consent and the study protocol were approved by the Ethical Review Board of the University of Konstanz and by the Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology, Kampala.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expert interviewers were doctoral-level psychologists or graduate students from Konstanz University who had been trained in PTSD assessment with the CIDI in previous field or laboratory studies.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Except for the period of the 4-month follow-up, which was carried out by the interviewers alone, all research assistants were supervised at least once a week throughout the study, which included a review of the quality of their work and the discussion of possible emotional strain caused by interviews and translations.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Local Team
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To maintain a minimal level of standardization, a problem-solving approach, specifically developed for trauma counseling in Africa (Amani Trust, 1997), was generally used.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amani Trust, 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The local and expert interviewers who carried out the posttests, as well as the follow-up tests, were blind for the individual participant's treatment condition.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the assumption of a homogeneous variance-covariance matrix inherent in a multivariate approach was met for the PDS (verified with Box's M test), a multivariate analysis of variance instead of a univariate approach was calculated for this measure.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we based our approach on testimony therapy, a method of therapy created by Lira and Weinstein (published under the pseudonyms Cienfuegos and Monelli, 1983) to treat traumatized survivors of the Pinochet regime in Chile and successfully applied in an uncontrolled trial to Bosnian refugees in the United States (Weine, Kulenovic, Pavkovic, & Gibbons, 1998).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cienfuegos and Monelli, 1983 source
- Not checked yetcites Weine, Kulenovic, Pavkovic, & Gibbons, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly meetings were scheduled to supervise the quality of treatments.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV diagnosis and severity of PTSD was assessed with the PTSD portion of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; World Health Organization, 1997).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites World Health Organization, 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20; Harding et al., 1980) was used to indicate comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harding et al., 1980 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms was assessed with the PDS (Foa, 1995), modified in the translation procedure to simplify the frequency rating of symptoms.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foa, 1995
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To maximize use of information in this study with a small sample size, missing data were estimated with a restricted maximum likelihood procedure.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further inquiries about details and examples of symptoms were made by the experts with the help of the translators to ensure a correct understanding of the symptoms and to validate the clinical significance of symptoms and the severity rating of PTSD.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therapists were trained in narrative exposure therapy and supportive counseling by the first and second authors-who had developed narrative exposure therapy and were educated in counseling-through direct observation of treatments.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other theories suggest that the distortion of the explicit autobiographic memory about traumatic events leads to a fragmented narrative of the traumatic memories, which results in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms (Ehlers & Clark, 2000).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ehlers & Clark, 2000
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each participant was randomly assigned (using a dice) to one of three treatment groups: narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, or psychoeducation only.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On considering the variety of mainly nonstandardized approaches currently applied in the field, we felt it was not possible to determine a supportive counseling procedure that was representative for the current standard.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: In most cases, counseling procedures and duration of treatment are not rigorously standardized.
In the paper
“Both treatments were similarly effective.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paunovic and Ost (2001)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To rule out a possible therapist effect, each therapist provided approximately the same number of treatments in all conditions.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To distinguish supportive counseling from narrative exposure therapy, we established a basic restriction of supportive counseling to exclude talk about specific past traumatic events, a goal that was achieved easily given the severity of the symptoms and the high level of avoidance in these patients.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the reconstruction of autobiographic memory and a consistent narrative should be used in conjunction with exposure therapy.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self rating of symptoms and functioning was carried out with the use of standardized clinical instruments.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants who were randomized to treatment, including the 1 who refused participation in the narrative exposure therapy group and the 2 dropouts in the supportive counseling group, were included in the analyses.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the randomization procedure resulted in different baseline levels for some measures, repeated measures ANOVAs were calculated with time as a four-level within-subject variable and treatment group as a three-level between-subjects variable for each outcome measure.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This instrument had been widely used in African settings previously.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harding et al., 1980 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therapists were doctoral-level psychologists or graduate students with education and experiences in other treatment approaches including counseling.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparison of the number of traumatic event types reported by the refugees for the 1 year period after treatment indicated that although almost all participants (93%) reported the witnessing or experiencing of one or more further traumatic events, those who left the settlement did indeed move to safer places and reported a significantly lower number of event types.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differ- ences between single treatment groups were analyzed with Fisher's exact tests (Bonferroni corrected ␣ ϭ .025).”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Clinical Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All but one of the participants who presented with PTSD in the screening interview agreed to participate in treatment, and only in the supportive counseling condition did two patients prematurely terminate treatment.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although extended sessions were scarce (about 10%) and occurred in all conditions, we did not monitor the exact duration of each treatment and cannot fully rule out a dosage effect.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As two calculations were carried out for each measure, significance level was Bonferroni corrected to an ␣ of .025for the contrast analyses.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Symptom Scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In spite of the promising treatment effect found in this trial, this study does not fully prove the usefulness of any psychotherapeutic approach for war-torn populations, as the treatment was carried out by well-trained European psychologists.”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the usefulness of psychotherapeutic approaches for traumatized refugees who continue to live in dangerous conditions.
“Little is known about the usefulness of psychotherapeutic approaches for traumatized refugees who continue to live in dangerous conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge about effective treatment of PTSD in war-affected civilian populations is still scarce.
“In contrast, the knowledge about effective treatment of PTSD in populations of civilians who have been affected by war is still scarce.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little clinical research has been conducted on how to adequately support and treat war-torn populations.
“Notwithstanding the considerable attention war-torn populations have received from psychosocial organizations in recent years, very little clinical research has been conducted on how to adequately support and treat these groups.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Treatment protocols for PTSD typically require a safe and reassuring environment, which is difficult to meet in refugee camps and settlements.
“Furthermore, it is questionable if any psychological assistance can be successful given that treatment protocols for PTSD typically require the establishment of a safe and reassuring environment, conditions that are difficult to meet within the context of refugee camps and settlements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Any psychotherapy work in this context must be brief given large numbers of people and limited monetary resources.
“In addition, any psychotherapy work that will take place must be brief given large numbers of people and limited monetary resources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Any broad scale treatment program must be pragmatic and easy for local personnel to learn, even with little or no access to medical or psychological education or additional training.
“Any broad scale treatment program must be pragmatic and easy for local personnel to learn, even with little or no access to medical or psychological education or additional training.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The method must be adaptable to any cultural environment and easily implemented.
“Consequently, the method must be adaptable to any cultural environment and easily implemented.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The oral tradition is a common element among many cultures.
“The oral tradition is a common element among many cultures; thus narrative approaches seem ideally suited to cross-cultural applications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In most cases, counseling procedures and duration of treatment are not rigorously standardized.
“In most cases, the counseling procedures and duration of treatment are not rigorously standardized.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As of yet there is no clinical trial that examined the efficacy of counseling approaches for traumatized refugees.
“Little knowledge about the efficacy of counseling in general exists (Bower et al., 2002), and as of yet there is no clinical trial that examined the efficacy of counseling approaches for traumatized refugees.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In exposure therapy, the majority of patients undergo habituation of emotional response to traumatic memory, which leads to remission of PTSD symptoms.
“In the process, the majority of patients undergo a habituation of the emotional response to the traumatic memory, which consequently leads to a remission of PTSD symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As most victims of organized violence have experienced many traumatic events, it is often impossible to identify the worst event before treatment.
“As most of the victims of organized violence have experienced many traumatic events, it is often impossible to identify the worst event before treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recent theories of PTSD and emotional processing suggest that habituation of emotional responses is only one mechanism to improvement of symptoms.
“However, recent theories of PTSD and emotional processing suggest that the habituation of the emotional responses is only one mechanism to improvement of symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Imvepi, most refugees had experienced multiple traumatic events in the Sudanese civil war before they fled to Uganda.
“In Imvepi, most refugees had experienced multiple traumatic events in the Sudanese civil war before they fled to Uganda.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Northern Uganda was not a safe exile for the refugees as settlements were threatened and attacked by Sudanese and Ugandan rebel armies.
“However, northern Uganda was not a safe exile for the refugees as the settlements were threatened and attacked by Sudanese and Ugandan rebel armies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At the time of this study (2000-2001), living conditions were still scarce, with most refugees suffering from poor nutrition and poverty.
“At the time of this study (2000 -2001), living conditions were still scarce, with most refugees suffering from poor nutrition and poverty.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Currently about 200,000 Sudanese refugees live in Uganda; many have lived there for several years.
“Currently about 200,000 Sudanese refugees live in Uganda; many of them have lived in the country for several years.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study is the first randomized controlled trial of treatment for traumatized survivors of war living in a developing country.
“To our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled trial of treatment for traumatized survivors of war living in a developing country.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“NET applied by. professional Western therapists was well accepted by Sudanese refugees living in a Ugandan refugee settlement”
From Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. (2008) · cites this paper as Neuner, Schauer, Klaschik, Karunakara, & Elbert, 2004
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“four sessions of NET had a significant and lasting impact on the reduction of PTSD symptoms.”
From Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. (2008) · cites this paper as Neuner, Schauer, Klaschik, Karunakara, & Elbert, 2004
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast to results of the first trial in the Imvepi settlement (Neuner, Schauer, Klaschik, et al., 2004), a decrease of symptoms was also observed in the nontreated monitoring group in the current study.”
From Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. (2008) · cites this paper as Neuner, Schauer, Klaschik, et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“For PTSD in Sudanese refugees in Uganda, narrative exposure therapy, delivered by German clinicians, was more effective than supportive counselling and psychoeducation, but no treatment effects were reported for anxiety, depression, or general psychological functioning.”
From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of NET with adults and adolescents affected by war and torture has been proven in randomized controlled trials [15-17].”
From Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka (2009) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the efficacy of NET has already been shown across cultures in Europe, Africa and Asia [15,16,18].”
From Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka (2009) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Previous studies with adolescents and adults have shown that PTSD symptom reduction at one year follow-up is more pronounced than effects at three to four-months post-tests when administering NET [16,17].”
From Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka (2009) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“This form of therapy has been shown to be effective in many populations, including victims of traumatic injury and assault, sexual assault, combat, terrorist attacks, displacement, and childhood sexual abuse 120-125 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Other | 5 (31.3) | 2 (15.3) | 3 (25.0) |”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
Reported 15.3 · recomputed 14.285714
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Protestant/other Christian | 11 (68.8) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (48.3) |”
§ A Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, Supportive Counseling, and Psychoeducation for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an African Refugee Settlement > Discussion
Reported 48.3 · recomputed 58.333333
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Maslow, A. H. (1943) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054346 · Cited by 21,563
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
Axford, N. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315258324-16 · Cited by 11,329
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review.
Stice, E. M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.825 · Cited by 2,710
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444 · cited 1×
“The fact that there was no dropout in the narrative exposure therapy group is noteworthy, as other treatment studies have reported high dropout rates for exposure therapy for PTSD of up to 28% (Foa et al., 1991).”
Result(1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,043
Harding, T. W., De Arango, V., Baltazar, J., Climent, C. E., Ibrahim, H. H. A., Ladrido-Ignacio, L., & Wig, N. N. (1980) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700043993 · Cited by 1,037
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 1997, A trauma counselling handbook.
- Van der Veer, 1998, Counselling and therapy with refugees and victims of trauma, Vol. 2
- 1997, Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029 · Cited by 1,524
Hoffman, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0415 · Cited by 1,420
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Metadata
- Authors
- Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neuner, Frank
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 579-587
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2161634282
- Semantic Scholar
- e3d86de02bb9a9a91a5a839a46a743d0d753d5e4
- Cited by
- 644
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 23.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Medecins Sans Frontieres Field Research (Medecins Sans Frontieres) (submittedVersion)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- narrative exposure therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, refugees, Sudanese refugees, supportive counseling, psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy, refugee settlement, treatment efficacy, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Counseling, Emigration and Immigration, Female, Health Education, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Refugees, Safety, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Sudan, Uganda, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Narration, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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