The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of control and predictability on the physical and psychological well-being of the institutionalized aged.
Abstract
It was hypothesized that some of the characteristics frequently observed among the aged--such as feelings of depression and helphlessness, as well as accelerated physical decline--are at least in part attributable to loss of control. A field experiment in which institutionalized aged were randomly assigned to one of four conditions was carried out to assess the effects of increased control and predictability upon the physical and psychological well-being of the aged. Individuals in three of the four conditions were visited by college undergraduates under varying contingencies, while persons in the fourth condition were not visited and served as a baseline comparison group. Subjects in the control condition could determine both the frequency and duration of visits they recieved. A second group of subjects (predict) was informed when they would be visited and how long the visitor would stay, but had no control over these details. A third group (random) was visited on a random schedule. It was found that predictable and controllable positive events have a powerful positive impact upon the well-being of the institutionalized aged.
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In the citing paper
“Thirteen out of 15 (87%) interventions categorised as having a theoretical basis reported beneficial effects on at least one outcome domain [13,53-55,59,65,67-69,73-75,81] compared with 10/17 (59%) studies categorised as having no theoretical basis [52,56,60,63,66,70,71,76,78,79].”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“This compares with five out of 11 (45%) one-to-one interventions [59,71,78,79,81].”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“No significant differences were observed between the two intervention groups, or between the two control groups.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“The intervention groups also reported improved hope and happiness, and reported a smaller increase in the quantity of medication taken per day in comparison with control participants.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Two of the three studies at high risk of bias [59,78,80] reported significant improvements in the extracted outcomes.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“At two months, in comparison with the control groups (receiving random visits and no visits), intervention participants (controlling frequency/duration of visits, and advance notice of visits) reported more activity, a greater amount of time spent in active pursuits and planned more activities for the coming week.”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“All interventions delivered by counsellors [53,54,73] and by students [59,66,71,78] reported at least one beneficial effect”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Three out of five (60%) home visiting interventions led to beneficial effects [59,71,78]”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schulz, R.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schulz, Richard
- ORCID
- Schulz, Richard
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1976
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 563-573
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2083832951
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 21.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- older adults, loss of control, predictability, well-being, depression, helplessness, physical decline, psychological well-being, physical well-being
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Residential Facilities, Retirement, Self Concept, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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