Anxiety and self-disclosure: Toward a motivational model
Abstract
The self-disclosures of socially anxious and nonanxious Ss were compared within the framework of R. M. Arkin's (1981) motivational theory of social anxiety. Ss (N = 84 women) were paired with a confederate who disclosed at either a high or a low level of intimacy (i.e., the classic reciprocity paradigm). Consistent with R. M. Arkin's theory, anxious Ss were concerned with self-protection during the task and disclosed at a moderate level of intimacy regardless of their partner's behavior. In addition, anxious Ss did not reciprocate their partners' disclosures as well as did nonanxious Ss. The self-protective behaviors of the anxious Ss were associated with less liking and more discomfort on the part of their partners. This suggests that the adoption of self-protective strategies may elicit negative interpersonal reactions that maintain self-defeating interpersonal patterns in socially anxious people.
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Closeness-generating paradigms represent one type of anxiety-provoking social context that is difficult for individuals with heightened social anxiety.
“Closeness-generating paradigms represent one type of anxiety-provoking social context that is difficult for individuals with heightened social anxiety”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Meleshko & Alden, 1993
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“…et al., 2013); they may lack assertiveness, suppress their emotions, show disinterest in conversational partners, and avoid engaging in intimate conversations with close others (Davila & Beck, 2002; Kashdan & Steger, 2006; Meleshko & Alden, 1993; Sparrevohn & Rapee, 2009; Wallace & Alden, 1997).”
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“Closeness-generating paradigms represent one type of anxietyprovoking social context that is difficult for individuals with heightened social anxiety (e.g., Meleshko & Alden, 1993).”
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“This process is exaggerated in anxious individuals and has counterproductive effects (Meleshko & Alden, 1993).”
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“…(Schneier, Spitzer, Gibbon, Feyer, & Liebowitz, 1991), and are judged by independent raters to be less likeable and less comfortable to be around (Meleshko & Alden, 1993), and less friendly, warm, interested, likeable (Alden & Wallace, 1995), assertive, relaxed, and attractive (Jones & Russell,…”
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BackgroundSelf-Evaluative Biases in Social Anxiety
Ashbaugh, A. R., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., Schmidt, L. A., & Swinson, R. P. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-2413-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This finding adds to the growing literature demonstrating that individuals with social anxiety do have social skills deficits (e.g., Creed & Funder, 1998; Meleshko & Alden, 1993; Niels, Stein, & Means-Christensen, 2003; Norton & Hope, 2001).”
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Testing the Effects of Social Anxiety Disorder on Friendship Quality Across Gender and Ethnicity
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“Received 5 May, 2011; Accepted 24 January, 2012”
Aversive eye gaze during a speech in virtual environment in patients with social anxiety disorder
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“However, in the long term, extinction of fear is unlikely, as avoidance of eye gaze would be perceived negatively by social interaction counterparts (Alden, 1992; Meleshko and Alden, 1993).”
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Self-citationSelf-Protective yet Self-Defeating
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Individual characteristics and personal relationships
Auhagen, A. E., & Hinde, R. A. (1997) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00131.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Appearing Socially Competent: The Effects of a Friend's Presence on the Socially Anxious
Pontari, B. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208328063 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“During conversation, they speak or self-disclose little (Meleshko & Alden, 1993; Thorne, 1987), choose safe discussion topics (DePaulo, Epstein, & LeMay, 1990; Thorne, 1987), express neutral attitudes (Turner, 1977), conform to others (Santee & Maslach, 1982), nod their head (Pilkonis, 1977), make…”
BackgroundParental Overprotection and Interpersonal Behavior in Generalized Social Phobia
Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationTrait shyness, actual-ought self-discrepancy and discomfort in social interaction
Amico, K. R., Bruch, M. A., Haase, R. F., & Sturmer, P. J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
How do socially anxious women evaluate mimicry? A virtual reality study
Vrijsen, J. N., Lange, W., Dotsch, R., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Rinck, M. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/13854040902833652 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This may partly explain why socially anxious people are liked less than non-anxious individuals, and are regarded as less comfortable to be with (Meleshko & Alden, 1993).”
BackgroundSchneider, B. W., & Turk, C. L. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch17 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Xu, L., Li, L., Jiang, Z., Sun, Z., Wen, X., Shi, J., Sun, R. F., & Qian, X. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3009292 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It improves our social relationships [18], [19] and benefits our well-being [20], [21].”
BackgroundSocial Anxiety Disorder and Its Relationship to Perfectionism
Frost, R. O., Glossner, K., & Maxner, S. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00005-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Social Influence and Group Dynamics
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Personal Strivings to Understand Anxiety Disorders: Social Anxiety as an Exemplar
Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., & Blalock, D. V. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618804778 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pontari, B. A., & Glenn, E. J. (2012) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.728112 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“That is, self-disclosure reflects a more open versus protective self-presentation style and is crucial in gaining social approval and forming relationships (Meleshko & Alden, 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialAppearing Anxious Leads to Negative Judgments by Others
Gee, B. A., Antony, M. M., Koerner, N., & Aiken, A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20865 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…that one reason people are less likely to desire further interactions after an initial conversation with those who are high in social anxiety is because socially anxious individuals tend not to reciprocate self-disclosures (Alden & Bieling, 1998; Meleshko & Alden, 1993; Papsdorf & Alden, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial Anxiety Disorder and Social Support Behavior in Friendships
Piccirillo, M. L., Lim, M. H., Fernandez, K. C., Pasch, L. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.09.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“Meleshko and Alden (1993) examined the amount of reciprocation of intimacy evidenced by people higher vs. lower in social anxiety in two conditions: (a) a low-intimacy condition, in which a confederate revealed relatively little, and (b) a high-intimacy condition, in which the confederate revealed…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSocial anxiety and discomfort with friendly giving
Fernandez, K. C., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Social responses to Facebook status updates: The role of extraversion and social anxiety
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Reduced reciprocal giving in social anxiety – Evidence from the Trust Game
Anderl, C., Steil, R., Hahn, T., Hitzeroth, P., Reif, A., & Windmann, S. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.10.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Separation, self‐disclosure, and social evaluation anxiety as facets of trait social anxiety
Endler, N. S., Flett, G. L., Macrodimitris, S. D., Corace, K. M., & Kocovski, N. L. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.452 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Some research has demonstrated a link between self-disclosure anxiety and social anxiety, and this research emphasizes the social components of self-disclosure (cf. Asendorpf, 1987; Depaulo, Epstein, & Lemay, 1990; Doi & Thelen, 1993; Meleshko & Alden, 1993).”
BackgroundHelp-seeking intentions for anxiety among older adults
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Self-report of self-disclosure statements for stuttering
McGill, M., Siegel, J., Nguyen, D., & Rodriguez, S. (2018) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.09.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Meleshko, K. G., & Alden, L. E.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Alden, Lynn E.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1000-1009
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2058780424
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social anxiety, self-disclosure, reciprocity, intimacy, self-protection, self-defeating behavior, interpersonal liking, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Self Concept, Self Disclosure, Social Environment, Social Perception
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