The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects.
Abstract
On the basis of terror management theory, research has shown that subtle mortality salience inductions engender increased prejudice, nationalism, and intergroup bias. Study 1 replicated this effect (increased preference for a pro-U.S. author over an anti-U.S. author) and found weaker effects when Ss are led to think more deeply about mortality or about the death of a loved one. Study 2 showed that this effect is not produced by thoughts of non-death-related aversive events. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that this effect occurs only if Ss are distracted from mortality salience before assessment of its effects. Study 4 revealed that although the accessibility of death-related thoughts does not increase immediately after mortality salience, it does increase after Ss are distracted from mortality salience. These findings suggest that mortality salience effects are unique to thoughts of death and occur primarily when such thoughts are highly accessible but outside of consciousness.
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A large Many Labs experiment (Klein etal.2022) failed to replicate a classic TMT finding (evaluating an anti- and pro- America essay; Greenberg et al. 1994).”
From Terror Management Theory in the Consumer Domain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Mortality Salience Driven Consumer Responses (2025) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al. 1994
In the citing paper
“intercoder reliability between two independent coders = 0.94; range = 0 [lowest] to 7 [highest]”
From “The greedy I that gives”—The paradox of egocentrism and altruism: Terror management and system justification perspectives on the interrelationship between mortality salience and charitable donations amid the COVID‐19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“Following the delay, the inability to suppress death thoughts results in behavioral and attitudinal shifts (distal effects) that are of interest to the researcher.”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“And all evaluations of worldview defense (essay and author evaluation) were identical to those used in foundational research in this field [5, 27, 82, 89].”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Study 1 of Greenberg et al. (1994) provided evidence that reminders of death induce worldview defense, and that this effect was stronger when the reminders of death were comparatively subtle (i.e., thinking about one's own death) than when reminders of death were more emotionally salient (i.e., thinking about one's own death and reflecting on their deepest feelings about dying).”
From Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“A pairwise comparison revealed that participants in the”
From Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“Specifically, participants in the death salient condition reported a greater preference for the pro-American essay author over the anti-American essay author, compared to participants in the control condition.”
From Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“Our results were non-diagnostic of whether original author involvement improves replicability because we were unable to replicate the finding under any conditions.”
From Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“It could be that changes in history have substantially altered the observability of the effect (original d = 1.34; replication d ranged from 0.07 to 0.13 in the confirmatory tests).”
From Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“The primary finding of interest from Greenberg et al. (1994) was that participants who underwent the mortality salience treatment showed greater preference for the pro-US essay author over the anti-US essay author as compared to the control condition.”
From Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement (2022) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“The dual defense model proposed within TMT therefore suggests that the effect of MS on worldview defense has a signature time course.”
From Same but different: meta-analytically examining the uniqueness of mortality salience effects (2011) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1994
Citations
Cites
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697
The Causes and Consequences of a Need for Self-Esteem: A Terror Management Theory
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986) · Public Self and Private Self · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_10 · Cited by 2,326
Self-citationGreenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308 · Cited by 1,412
Self-citationSolomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60328-7 · Cited by 1,296
Self-citation(1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5 · Cited by 849
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.122 · Cited by 825
Self-citationGreenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.212 · Cited by 487
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109 · Cited by 2,031
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60016-7 · Cited by 1,505
Self-citationImpulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x · Cited by 1,487
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.835 · Cited by 1,390
Self-citationTwo Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research
Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309352321 · Cited by 1,188
Metadata
- Authors
- Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Colorado Colorado Springs (US)
- Skidmore College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 627-637
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2089999736
- Cited by
- 901
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 11.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- mortality salience, terror management theory, death-related thoughts, consciousness, nationalism, prejudice, intergroup bias, distraction
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Analysis of Variance, Attitude to Death, Cognition, Culture, Defense Mechanisms, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Thinking, Time Factors, Unconscious, Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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