Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one’s worldview?
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Whereas American conservatives derogated a politically dissimilar person after MS, liberals did not.
“whereas American conservatives derogated a politically dissimilar person after MS, liberals did not (Study 1).”
From When Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management (2012) · cites this paper as Greenberg, Simon, Pyszczynski, Solomon, and Chatel, 1992
Priming the value of tolerance reduced derogatory worldview defenses that were otherwise observed after MS.
“a second study found that priming the value of tolerance reduced derogatory worldview defenses that were otherwise observed after MS.”
From When Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management (2012) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 1992
Experimentally priming the value of tolerance eliminated derogatory worldview defenses that were otherwise observed after mortality salience.
“Evidence supported that hypothesis, and a second study found that experimentally priming the value of tolerance eliminated derogatory worldview defenses that were otherwise observed after MS (see also [53]).”
From An Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes (2015) · cites this paper as [52]
Evidence supported the hypothesis that mortality salience would increase derogation of out-group individuals among conservatives, but not liberals.
“Evidence supported that hypothesis, and a second study found that experimentally priming the value of tolerance eliminated derogatory worldview defenses that were otherwise observed after MS (see also [53]).”
From An Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes (2015) · cites this paper as [52]
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BackgroundA justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice.
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Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects.
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BackgroundInfluentialHappiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment.
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“the tendency to see the world through a stereotypic lens (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950; Dollard, Miller, Doob, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939; Greenberg et al., 1990; Greenberg, Simon, Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Chatel, 1992; Peak, Muney, & Clay, 1960; Sherif & Sherif, 1953; Stephan & Stephan, 1985; Wills,…”
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Self-citationWhy Do We Need What We Need? A Terror Management Perspective on the Roots of Human Social Motivation
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“Both positive [10] and negative affect [34] can increase stereotyping, and thus trigger trolling [38].”
BackgroundA Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion
Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309351165 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Urge to Splurge: A Terror Management Account of Materialism and Consumer Behavior
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“…and tend to become more conservative (e.g., Arndt, Greenberg, and Cook 2002; Jost, Fitzsimons, and Kay 2004; Landau et al. 2004), although there is also some evidence that liberals may become more tolerant of people with different opinions following mortality salience (Greenberg et al. 1992).”
BackgroundJonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T., & Quirin, M. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“Similarly, low self-esteem participants (who tend toward use of proximal defenses due to weaker capacity for distal defenses; Greenberg et al., 1992; Greenberg et al., 1993) responded with heightened medial orbitofrontal and bilateral ventrolateral PFC activation after mortality-related stimuli…”
BackgroundMortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: The Great Satan versus the Axis of Evil
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Self-citationThe Scrooge Effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior
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A cultural theory of international relations
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Self-citationThe Consequences of Terrorism: Disentangling the Effects of Personal and National Threat
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Threat causes liberals to think like conservatives
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“This conclusion is consistent with several studies showing that threats can lead to either liberal or conservative shifts depending on which worldview is made salient by the context of the threat (Gailliot et al., 2008; Greenberg et al., 1992, Study 2; Jonas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSubliminal exposure to death-related stimuli increases defense of the cultural worldview
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00429.x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationA Function of Form: Terror Management and Structuring the Social World.
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“Although further investigation will be needed to fully explain this pattern, we suspect that, in line with previous TMT research (Greenberg et al., 1992), MS encouraged those low in PNS to conform to the more socially desirable practice of honoring those who have incurred serious tragedies by opting to view them in a…”
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Self-citationFleeing the Body: A Terror Management Perspective on the Problem of Human Corporeality
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Terrorism—A (self) love story: Redirecting the significance quest can end violence.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Gelfand, M. J., Gunaratna, R. K., Hettiarachchi, M., Reinares, F., Orehek, E., Sasota, J. A., & Sharvit, K. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032615 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The Egoism and Altruism of Intergenerational Behavior
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“Indeed, studies have demonstrated that the effects of mortality salience depend on the content of the individual’s worldview (e.g., Greenberg et al., 1992).”
BackgroundDeath Goes to the Polls: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Effects on Political Attitudes
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Self-citationMotivated Closed‐Mindedness Mediates the Effect of Threat on Political Conservatism
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“…noting that the findings from Study 2 contradict expectations derived from terror management theory (Anson, Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Greenberg, 2009; Greenberg et al., 1992; Greenberg & Jonas, 2003), which suggests that when people experience existential anxiety, they should seek to reaffirm their…”
ResultFlorián, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.2.369 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
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Death, sex, love, and neuroticism: Why is sex such a problem?
Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., McCoy, S. K., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1173 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationSimon, L., Greenberg, J., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., & Abend, T. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1132 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“The study was modeled after previous mortality salience studies (e.g., Greenberg, Simon, et al., 1992 ) and was ostensibly set up as two separate short studies.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSchmeichel, B. J., Gailliot, M. T., Filardo, E.-A., McGregor, I., Gitter, S., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015091 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Anxiety and Intergroup Bias: Terror Management or Coalitional Psychology?
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“Authoritarianism and political conservatism have been shown to be moderators of bias against dissimilar others in terror management experiments (Greenberg et al., 1990, 1992).”
BackgroundMortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values
Gailliot, M. T., Stillman, T. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Maner, J. K., & Plant, E. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316791 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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Self-citationDechesne, M., Janssen, J., & van Knippenberg, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.923 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety
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Wisman, A., & Koole, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.511 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
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The Many Ways to Be Marginal in a Group
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From the grave to the cradle: evidence that mortality salience engenders a desire for offspring
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“This essay (Wisman & Koole, 2003) was closely modeled after the pro-United States essay that has been used in previous terror management experiments (e.g., Greenberg et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodGeneral and personal mortality salience and nationalistic bias
Nelson, L. J., Moore, D. L., Olivetti, J., & Scott, T. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297238008 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Conservative Shift among Liberals and Conservatives Following 9/11/01
Nail, P. R., & McGregor, I. (2009) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0098-z · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“What is needed is research directly comparing post-threat changes among liberals and conservatives on political issues that are not as open to alternative interpretation as the measures used by Greenberg et al. (1992).”
InfluentialDefensive pride and consensus: strength in imaginary numbers.
McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Marigold, D. C., & Kang, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.978 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., & Kosloff, S. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00144.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationDeWall (2007) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02013.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Somewhat surprisingly, subjects who contemplate their mortality rarely report emotional states that differ from those of subjects who consider activities unrelated to their own mortality (e.g., Greenberg, Simon, Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Chatel, 1992 ).”
BackgroundDickinson, J. L. (2009) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-02849-140134 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Experiments indicate that bolstering self-esteem helps to keep death thoughts at bay (Greenberg et al. 1992b).”
Swann, W. B., & Bosson, J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001016
A Change Will Do Us Good: Threats Diminish Typical Preferences for Male Leaders
Brown, E. R., Diekman, A. B., & Schneider, M. C. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211403322 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Participants wrote for 7 minutes in response to threat or control prompts adapted from previous research (Greenberg et al., 1992; Rosenblatt et al., 1989).”
MethodHeine, S. J., Harihara, M., & Niiya, Y. (2002) · Asian Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00103 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“As TMT maintains that the purpose of the dual-component anxiety buffer is to allow people to maintain a sense of self-esteem in the face of their existential anxieties (Greenberg et al., 1992b), the Japanese findings from these two research programs appear to be contradictory.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNavarrete, C. D., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470490500300121 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The (Non)Impact of the 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks on Political Attitudes
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Personality, identity styles and authoritarianism: an integrative study among late adolescents
Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.589 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Arndt, J., & Greenberg, J. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299259001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Shattered Assumptions to Weakened Worldviews: Trauma Symptoms Signal Anxiety Buffer Disruption
Edmondson, D., Chaudoir, S. R., Mills, M. A., Park, C. L., Holub, J., & Bartkowiak, J. (2011) · Journal of loss & trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2011.572030 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“To illustrate this problem, previous research has shown that participants who identify as liberal in their political ideology respond differently to MS than do those who identify as conservatives (Greenberg, Simon, Solomon, Pyszczynski, & Chatel, 1992 ).”
MethodAndersen, S. M., & Berk, M. S. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.1.81 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
McCann, S. J. H. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.913 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Weise, D. R., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Kosloff, S. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02108.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Depending on the condition to which participants were randomly assigned, they were asked to answer two open-ended questions about either death or dental pain, an aversive topic unrelated to death: ‘‘Please briefly describe the emotions that the thought of your own death (dental pain) arouses in you’’ and ‘‘Jot down, a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPolitical Conservatism, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Intergroup Hostility
de Zavala, A. G., Cisłak, A., & Wesołowska, E. (2010) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00767.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The working self-concept in transference: Significant-other activation and self change.
Hinkley, K., & Andersen, S. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.6.1279 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Social Identities, Group Norms, and Threat: On the Malleability of Ingroup Bias
Giannakakis, A. E., & Fritsche, I. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210386120 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“has shown that priming particular values can eliminate the effects of mortality salience on reactions toward worldviewthreatening others (Greenberg et al., 1992), that people are motivated to conform to group norms (e.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGreenberg, J., Vail, K., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014) · Advances in Motivation Science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2014.08.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationThreat Perception in International Relations
Stein, J. G. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0012 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2002) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2404_2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Toward an Integrative Theory of Psychological Defense
Hart, J. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613506018 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Ideology, Fear of Death, and Death Anxiety
Castano, E., Leidner, B., Bonacossa, A., Nikkah, J., Perrulli, R., Spencer, B., & Humphrey, N. K. (2011) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00822.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“’s interpretation of earlier data (Greenberg et al., 1992).”
ResultDefenders of a Lost Cause: Terror Management and Violent Resistance to the Disengagement Plan
Hirschberger, G., & Ein‐Dor, T. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206286628 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Several lines of research have validated the latter option and have shown that when primed with death, liberal Americans defend the liberal American worldview, whereas conservative Americans defend the conservative American worldview (Greenberg et al., 1992).”
BackgroundOn defeating death: Group reification and social identification as immortality strategies
Castano, E., & Dechesne, M. (2005) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280500436024 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
- Authors
- Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 212-220
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4294945763
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- terror management theory, mortality salience, tolerance, intergroup attitudes
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