Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events.

“Interpersonal capitalisation refers to the process by which individuals share positive events with others, and has been found to produce hedonic benefits that surpass those generated by the events themselves (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“( 2004 ); (also see Langston, 1994 ) define capitalization as ‘the process of informing another person about the occurrence of a personal positive event and thereby deriving additional benefit from it’ (p.”

“This would be a form of emotional regulation, whereby speaking positively might serve to augment or intensify positive feelings for the parent.(28,29) This form of response or behavior also has been referred to as ‘‘deep acting,’’ whereby a person tries to shape their emotional experience by expressing a particular af…”

“This process is referred to as capitalization and is associated with happiness even when controlling for the significance of the positive event ( Langston, 1994 ).”

“Additional evidence comes from research on “capitalization,” or the explicit and overt sharing of positive events with others, which suggests that such sharing can increase positive emotions (Langston, 1994) and even longer-term well-being (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004).”

“2004; Langston 1994).”

“…of savouring strategies that have been shown to be related to increased experience of positive emotions include capitalizing (i.e. communicating and celebrating positive events) (Langston, 1994) and mental time travel (i.e. vividly remembering positive events) (Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007).”

“J. B. Langston (1994) coined the term ‘‘capi-talization’’ to describe positive emotional benefits that endure above and beyond those that emanate from an event per se.”

“During this part of the session, the facilitator helps participants understand that when they experience a positive event, they may capitalize on it by “turning up the volume” (ie, increasing the intensity) of the associated positive affect by telling someone about it, writing about it, or simply reflecting on the eve…”

“Another concept resembling savoring is view of “capitalizing” given by Langston (63).”

“Following the concept of capitalization (Langston, 1994), in order to expand positive emotional experiences, expressive displays are crucial.”

“A person wants to share their joy or good news with others, and they seek a positive response in order to capitalize on their positive experience and reinforce their positive emotions (Langston, 1994; Gable et al., 2004; Hadley, 2014).”

“Conversely, the sharing of positive emotional experiences can provide myriad benefits, including the up-regulation of one ’ s own positive emotions (e.g., higher state-and trait-level positive affect; Langston, 1994; Livingstone & Srivastava).”

“…of positive emotion experienced in their daily lives: (1) noticing positive events [64,65], (2) capitalizing on or savoring positive events [66,67], (3) gratitude [68,69], (4) setting and working toward attainable goals [70,71], (5) mindfulness [72,73], (6) positive reappraisal [74,75],…”

“Items were derived from the adult capitalization literature (Gable et al., 2004, 2006; Langston, 1994), from research on children’s coping strategies, social support seeking behaviors, and self-presentation strategies (Compas et al., 2001; Juvonen & Murdock, 1993; Osborne, 1997), and from research…”

“, best friend), a process referred to as capitalization (Gable et al. 2004; Langston 1994).”

“Nevertheless, the positive impact of perceived partner self-disclosuremight also be explained by the capitalization theory (Langston, 1994).”

“Capitalization is defined as the disclosure and discussion of one’s positive personal experiences with others (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“For example, although the notion of capitalization (Langston, 1994) has well captured the merits of SSPE, especially for a sharer, the effects of shared negative emotions between interactants, are not as clear.”

“Though a positive response should be partly due to the positivity of the actual event, Langston (1994) found that sharing a positive event generated unique positive affect that went beyond the affect elicited from the valence of the positive event alone.”

“Indeed, the underlying psychology of preferentially thinking and talking about positive experiences has been studied extensively in social psychology (Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“Recent work has found that the disclosure of positive events, or capitalization, is a particularly important interpersonal process (e.g., Gable, Gonzaga, & Strachman, 2006; Langston, 1994).”

“Capitalising refers to sharing positive events such as successes and accomplishments with others (Langston, 1994), and it was found in one event in the high group when a child was comparing the assignments she had already done from the workbook with a peer.”

“Capitalization refers to the inter- and intra-personal dividends yielded when an individual discloses good news to a confidante, who then actively celebrates the news with the discloser (Langston, 1994).”

“Capitalizing can enhance the positive emotional experience by strengthening the association between positive events and positive emotion.(73,74) It allows the individual to extend and maximize the experience of positive emotion associated with an event by allowing him or her to relive the positive emotional experience…”

“According to Lazarus (1999), as well as other prominent theories of job stress (e.”

“This kind of sharing has the effect of elevating the positive emotion of the sharer (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“…on long-term committed couples coping with breast cancer showed that capitalization (i.e., the process of disclosing a positive event to someone: Langston, 1994) enhances relationship wellbeing above and beyond the effects of event positivity and social support attempts (Otto, Laurenceau,…”

“Perceived responsiveness has been linked with interaction-related positive emotion that outlasts the interaction itself (Langston, 1994) and increases in closeness and intimacy in existing social relationships (Gable et al.”

“In particular, the process of capitalization, which is a practice of communicating personal positive events to others (Langston, 1994; Gable et al., 2004), has begun to gain much attention and is a focus of this current study.”

“…describes the process of disclosing positive events to a close other (attempt), whose response is perceived as genuine and enthusiastic (perceived partner responsiveness, hereafter termed responsiveness) (Langston, 1994; Gable and Reis, 2010), is another way of looking into couple communication.”

“best friend, spouse, colleague) has been called capitalization (Langston, 1994).”

“The EMPOWER intervention is a 5-session Web-based intervention that teaches 8 skills for increasing the frequency of positive emotions: (1) noting daily positive events [40-43], (2) capitalizing on or savoring positive events [44,45], (3) gratitude [46-48], (4) mindfulness [49-52], (5) positive reappraisal [53-58], (6…”

“Although more neglected than emotion disturbances, there is growing evidence that selfregulation is also an important factor in positive psychological processes and outcomes (e.g., Bryant, 1989; Langston, 1994; Wilson et al., 2005).”

“One interpersonal process that may buffer FCR is capitalization, which describes the process of disclosing positive events to a close other (attempt), whose response is perceived as genuine and enthusiastic (perceived partner responsiveness, hereafter termed responsiveness).(15,16) Prior research has revealed benefits…”

“Prior studies indicate that sustained PA from positive events is related to, but distinct from, savoring strategies (Gentzler et al., 2013; Jose et al., 2012; Langston, 1994).”

“This was also an opportunity to connect the participant with a meaningful event that could potentially become a motivator for change (Charlson et al., 2007; Langston, 1994).”

“Langston (1994) proposed that capitalization enhances memorability of the positive event, maximizes the positive event’s personal significance, and increases interpersonal status.”

“The last finding is noteworthy, namely the nonimpact of SWO strategy on positive emotions, contrary to previous findings (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“Therefore, the present findings may not generalize to other related strategies for enhancing and prolonging positive emotions (e.g., sharing positive events with others, indulging in favorite activities; cf. Langston 1994; Livingstone and Srivastava 2012).”

“Capitalization is a cognitive process that includes appraising experiences as beneficial (Langston, 1994; Lazarus, 1991), suggesting that a person does not react to experiences directly, but instead first evaluates them cognitively as positive or negative influences on their own well-being (Jiang &…”

“forecasts only for negative events, because coping processes are less relevant to positive events (compared to capitalizing processes for positive events; Langston 1994; Gilbert et al. 1998).”

“We collected data from 21 days because of practical constraints; a three- or even two-week period is not unusual in diary studies (e.g., Langston, 1994; Wu & Clark, 2003), and there are indications that the gains in information with increasing duration may not be substantial (Fleeson & Gallagher,…”

“When memories, especially positive ones, are shared with others, people tend to experience a positive experience that is above the original experience [57].”

“Consistent with broaden and build theory, the ability to foster PA in negative situations or maintain or enhance existing PA is linked to resilience, sustained PA, and well‐being (Bryant & Veroff, 2007; Gentzler et al., 2012; Langston, 1994; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004).”

“The ability to easily share images with “absent friends and family” offers a means of sharing positive events, and this, in turn, has been linked with increased well being and positive affect (e.g. Gable et al. 2004; Langston 1994 )”

“…positive emotions; capitalization When good things happen to people, they benefit from communicating this information to others, a phenomenon known as capitalization (Bryant, 1989; Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994; Ilies et al., 2015; Lambert et al., 2013; Hovasapian & Levine, 2018).”

“Certain ER strategies have been found to support positive ER (Langston, 1994; Bryant, 2003; Gable et al., 2004; Quoidbach et al., 2010, 2015).”

“Capitalization can enhance relationship quality above and beyond the benefits related to the good news itself (Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“The eight skills included (a) noticing positive events (Krause, 1988; Lewinsohn & Amenson, 1978); (b) savoring positive events (Bryant, 1989; Langston, 1994); (c) identifying personal strengths (Taylor & Lobel, 1989; Taylor et al., 1992); (d) behavioral activation to set and work toward attainable…”

“…it appears that positive emotional contagion may be an important part of the capitalization process (i.e., sharing positive emotions with others; Langston, 1994), especially since, as suggested by Gable and Reiss (2010), both the expression of positive emotions and the response of the person…”

“One promising line of research is on capitalization, which is the process by which individuals celebrate successes and good fortune and thereby derive additional benefit from the experience (e.g., Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“This can be thought of as capitalizing on the event, which strengthens the association between the event and the resulting positive affect.(69)”

“People often tend to share positive experiences, and doing so can amplify the benefits derived from their experiences (Langston, 1994), such as prolonging the duration of the positive emotions (Verduyn et al., 2011).”

“When good things happen, individuals communicate their positive events to others; a phenomenon termed capitalization attempts for positive events (Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“One reason why people describe their positive events to relationship partners is to share their positive feelings with significant others, thereby building relationship capital (Gottman, 1999; Langston, 1994; Reis et al., 2010).”

“This pattern of findings is common, however: Positive affect does not factor as heavily as negative affect does in models of instability and reactivity (Langston, 1994).”