Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events.

“Positive interpersonal relationships with coworkers provide social support and a buffer from stressful events [41-43], which in turn predict team commitment [44], job engagement [45-46], and job satisfaction [47-49].”

“For 102 example, capitalisation theory proposed that sharers of offline positive information receive many 103 positive reactions (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“To avoid reports of affectively neutral events (Langston, 1994), the phrasing was overstated, defining peaks as moments that were “unusually wonderful or thrilling,” and lows as “unusually unpleasant or awful.”

“On the other hand, people may share positive emotions widely in order to amplify the joy; they seek out others to help them “capitalize” on good news [33], even turning to strangers when the news is especially good [43].”

“Notably, the LILAC participants’ depression scores dropped significantly below the clinical threshold for depression (CES-D = 16) by the 1 month follow-up (t[17] = −2.”

“While researchers are aware of the utility of increasing positive events to increase positive outcomes (Eronen and Nurmi 1999; Langston 1994), the present findings point to the usefulness of increasing savoring the moment.”

“First described by Langston (1994), capitalization in interpersonal contexts refers to the process of conveying personal good news to other persons.”

“For the individual, having others respond enthusiastically to personal positive events increases the memorability and significance of the event in the eyes of the discloser (Gable & Reis, 2010; Langston, 1994).”

“One of the likely motivations for sharing this good news derives from a desire to relive, accentuate, and amplify the feelings surrounding the event, also known as savoring (Bryant, 1989; Langston, 1994).”

“This simple and natural act, which researchers call capitalizing, typically makes people feel better about the event as well as themselves (Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“…WOSC—namely, behavioral display parallels the WOSC subscale of behavioral expression; capitalizing parallels the WOSC subscale of sharing with others (see Langston, 1994); being present parallels the WOSC subscale of absorption; and fault finding parallels the WOSC subscale of kill-joy thinking.”

“But positive traits such as being socially integrated and absorbed might lessen mood disruptions and enhance life experiences (Langston, 1994).”

“…particular savoring strategies is causally linked to greater happiness and positive affect (Bryant, Smart, & King, 2005; Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Langston, 1994; Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Quoidbach, Wood, & Hansenne, 2009; Reis, Smith, Carmichael, Caprariello, Tsai, Rodrigues, et al.,…”

“Previous studies have suggested that telling others about an experience can boost people's positive affect and sense of meaning (Lambert et al. 2013; Langston 1994), their satisfaction with the experience in question (Gilovich, Kumar, and Jampol 2015), and their closeness to and trust in their…”

“, 2010) between the couple as well as increase positive feelings in the persons both revealing the news (e.g., Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994) and celebrating the positive information (Conoley, Vasquez, Bello, Oromendia, & Jeske, 2015).”

“…not only to stressors and concerns but also to positive events during the emergency, as responses to positive events (i.e., capitalization) are an important form of coping (Langston, 1994; Pagani et al., 2020) that research found to be linked with dyadic coping responses (Donato et al., 2018).”

“In fact, people who share positive events with others capitalize on their initial positive experiences, which increase the positive impact of the event (Langston, 1994).”

“For instance, to maintain or up-regulate positive emotions, individuals may engage in savoring (i.e., reflecting on the positive aspects of positive experiences; Bryant, 2003) and capitalizing (i.e., positive event sharing or celebrating; Langston, 1994).”

“Research demonstrates that capitalization in general, and positive work reflection in particular, are positively related to improved health and well-being (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005, 2006; Langston, 1994).”

“Theoretically, individuals who have lower vagal tone and higher vagal reactivity to stress may be less able to mobilize positive affect (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994) and down-regulate negative affect (Diamond & Hicks, 2005; Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997; Gyurak & Ayduk, 2008) in the service of day-to-…”

“Scholars in social psychology (e.g., Gable et al. 2004; Langston 1994) and tourism management (Tung, Cheung, and Law 2018) have identified an association between face-to-face interpersonal positive experience sharing and positive moods/other benefits.”

“Sharing these experiences in hopes of getting a receptive, supportive audience is called a capitalization attempt (Langston, 1994).”

“The authors would also like to thank the people who provided comments, ideas, and guidance on this project: Lindsey Alley, Stephen Armeli, Sarah Arpin, David Kenny, Cameron McCabe, Julie Merrill, Ellen Skinner, Howard Tennen, and Mike Todd.”

“Few studies, however, have specifically examined positive affective experiences (Langston, 1994).”

“Although coping is generally defined as the management of stressful events (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004), capitalization can be considered as an opportunity of coping in response to positive events (Gable & Anderson, 2016; Langston, 1994).”

“Research is emerging on adults’ responses to positive events (e.g., Bryant, 2003; Langston, 1994; Quoidbach, Berry, Hansenne, & Mikolajczak, 2010; Reis et al., 2010), but published work with adolescents is very limited (for exceptions, Bijttebier, Raes, Vasey, & Feldman, 2012; Cafasso, Bryant, & Jose, 1994, as cited i…”

“Forexample,theconceptof capitalization explains the interpersonal process of disclosing positive events to close others,whichhasbeenlinkedtoindividualandrelationshipwell-being[26].”

“The PEARS was based on existing work (Bryant 1989; Gentzler et al. 2010; Langston 1994) and a pilot study using an earlier version of the measure.”

“Related literature on capitalization suggests that when we celebrate important positive events with a significant other, we have more positive affect and well-being (Langston, 1994) and our relationships improve (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004).”

“Individuals’ emotional reactions to both positive events and the event-impacted identities following the events can determine the extent to which the positive events impact well-being (Brown & McGill, 1989; Langston, 1994).”

“Studies show that communicating and celebrating positive events with others increases one’s positive affect above and beyond the impact of the positive event itself (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994; Reis et al., 2010).”

“Capitalization has been defined as the process of seeking out others when good things happen in order to share the positive news with another (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“Partner responsiveness is a key element 1It is important to note that not only negative events, but also positive though challenging events, can trigger coping responses (e.g., Langston, 1994; Gable and Reis, 2010). of these evaluations.”

“For example, individuals with low PA may benefit from adjunctive training in how to “ savor ” past, current, or future positive experiences (Bryant, 2003) or “ capitalize ” on success (Carl et al., 2013; Langston, 1994).”

“Cognitive reappraisal is considered a positive coping strategy and is an attempt to reframe an emotional circumstance to a different meaning and emotional impact [34, 62].”

“Savoring strategies are generally associated with positive outcomes such as higher PA generally and specifically concerning the savored event, higher life satisfaction and self-esteem, and less negative affect (NA) and depression (e.g., Bryant, 2003; Bryant, Smart, & King, 2005; Gable et al., 2004; Gentzler, Morey, Pa…”

“Previous research has shown correlations between sharing positive experience and positive mood (e.g., Gable et al., 2004; Langston, 1994) and that the right reaction of the relationship partner can act as an amplifier of the positive emotion experienced by the sharer (Lambert et al., 2012).”

“Sharing positive event memories, and the concomitant positive emotions, may lead to capitalisation, a term created by Langston (1994).”

“Gratitude is defined as being thankful for what one has and the ability to appreciate daily events and experiences ( Langston 1994 ).”

“In this framework, the dyadic exchange in which one partner shares a positive experience and elicits a supportive and enthusiastic response from the other partner is called capitalization (e.g. Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“, 2010), beyond that which is derived from the positive events alone (Langston, 1994).”

“Although there is some preliminary evidence that sharing positive events with significant others can lead to positive outcomes (Langston, 1994), these findings must be interpreted cautiously given that the authors collapsed across positive events in a variety of domains (e.g., social, academic, job…”

“Thus, talking about positive emotions may lead to their capitalization, which Gable et al. (2004: 228) define as ‘the process of informing another person about the occurrence of a personal positive event and thereby deriving additional benefit from it’ (see also Langston, 1994).”

“Further, our study results were consistent with evidence from the social sharing literature, which reveals that people who capitalize on a positive event by sharing the good news with others experience greater positive affect (Langston 1994) and life satisfaction (Gable et al.”

“…response following the sharing of a positive event leads to an increase in positive emotions above and beyond the positive emotion attributable to the event itself (Gable, Reis, Impett, & Asher, 2004; Kleiman, Kashdan, Monfort, Machell, & Goodman, in press; Lambert et al., 2013; Langston, 1994).”

“Participants engaged in nine weekly 90-minute sessions during which they learned ten empirically supported skills [59]: (1) symptom tracking [60], (2) emotion tracking [61], (3) noting daily positives [62–64], (4) savoring positive events [65], (5) mindfulness [66], (6) positive reappraisal [67–69], (7) gratitude [70–…”

“Indeed, the accumulated literature coming from embodied cognition research has suggested that expressing positive emotions both physically– for example, by facial display [45,46])—and verbally [24,47] can boost the experience of the associated positive state.”

“This is called capitalization, which is likely to increase the positive effect of the event (Langston 1994; Gable, Reis, Impett and Asher 2004).”

“La capacité de se concentrer sur des événements positifs, et non pas seulement sur les difficultés, permet de déployer des efforts plus soutenus durant les périodes difficiles (Langston, 1994 ; Folkman et Moskowitz, 2000).”

“(Langston, 1994) or prefer experiential over materialistic purchases that are easier to savor 360”

“Although most research in the social support literature has focused on support during times of stress or hardship, more recent work has examined the role of support processes for positive events, known as capitalization (Langston, 1994).”

“According to capitalisation theory (Langston, 1994), sharing positive experiences with others is a way of taking advantage of positive experiences that helps to maintain or augment associated positive affect.”

“First, people gain several psychological and social benefits from the conversations they engage in (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2004; Langston, 1994).”

“Capitalization is a term originating from Langston (1994), and refers to the enhancement of positive affect far beyond the actual positive effect of the event, when communicating about it to other people.”

“Similar to Gable et al. (2004) and Langston (1994) we measured how negative this event was by using a 5-point scale (1 = somewhat negative, 5 = very negative).”