Cited by 1,463Social and Intergroup PsychologyInclusion and Disability in Education and SportDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

Batson, C. Daniel, Polycarpou, Marina P., Harmon-Jones, Eddie, Imhoff, Heidi J., Mitchener, Erin C., Bednar, Lori L., Klein, Tricia R., Highberger, Lori·1997·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105

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Abstract

Results of 3 experiments suggest that feeling empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole. In Experiments 1 and 2, inducing empathy for a young woman with AIDS (Experiment 1) or a homeless man (Experiment 2) led to more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS or toward the homeless, respectively. Experiment 3 tested possible limits of the empathy-attitude effect by inducing empathy toward a member of a highly stigmatized group, convicted murderers, and measuring attitudes toward this group immediately and then 1-2 weeks later. Results provided only weak evidence of improved attitudes toward murderers immediately but strong evidence of improved attitudes 1-2 weeks later.

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Empathy at the heart of customer experience: A holistic framework for understanding and enhancing consumer empathy through the lens of customer experience
Lehnert, L., & Kuehnl, C. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22130 · Cited by 36
Empathic Experience and Attitudes Toward Stigmatized Groups: Evidence for Attitude Generalization
Tarrant, M., & Hadert, A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00633.x · Cited by 29
Putting on weight stigma: A randomized study of the effects of wearing a fat suit on eating, well‐being, and cortisol
Rodriguez, A. C. I., Heldreth, C. M., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21575 · Cited by 29
“Oz felt more accepting of individuals who have obesity after wearing the fat suit (2,3), which is consistent with research suggesting that taking the perspective of a stigmatized target reduces prejudice (40).”
Result
‘Epileptic’, ‘epileptic person’ or ‘person with epilepsy’? Bringing quantitative and qualitative evidence on the views of UK patients and carers to the terminology debate
Noble, A. J., Robinson, A., Snape, D., & Marson, A. G. (2017) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.10.034 · Cited by 28
“Inducing empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes towards the group as a whole [25].”
Space and personal contacts: Cross-group interaction between mainland and local university students in Hong Kong
Tian, X. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517718967 · Cited by 29
“However, positive emotions, such as affection, can improve attitudes toward the entire outgroup (Batson et al., 1997; Finlay & Stephan, 2000).”
Features of Empathy–Arousing Strategic Messages
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“Cognitive and behavioral stigma can generalize from the reactions toward a specific individual to the entire group that shares similar attributes as the individual; hence, this type of stigma can be more elaborated and enduring and more salient in social interactions (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethod
Personal narratives to improve attitudes towards stigmatized immigrants: A parallel-serial mediation model
Perosanz, J. J. I., & Ramón, D. C. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211052511 · Cited by 31
“…condition, in contrast to previous works where empathy was considered as a strategy to improve intergroup attitudes (e.g., Batson et al., 1991; Batson, Polycarpou, et al., 1997) or a mechanism to explain the effect of intergroup contact on reducing prejudice (e.g., Dovidio et al., 2010;…”
Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients and empathic tendencies: A study of Turkish undergraduate nursing students
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Does Advertising on Black Entertainment Television Portray More Positive Gender Representations Compared to Broadcast Networks?
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“Viewers are influenced by what they see on television because consumption of media shapes perceptions ( Bandura 2002; Children Now 1997, 2003; Frisby 2004; Henderson and Baldasty 2003; Pettigrew and Mertens 1995; see also Gerbner 1995 discussion of cultivation theory).”
Background
Support for harmful treatment and reduction of empathy toward blacks: “Remnants” of stereotype activation involving Hurricane Katrina and “Lil’ Kim”
Johnson, J. D., Bushman, B. J., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.002 · Cited by 29
Public Perceptions of Celebrity Cancer Deaths: How Identification and Emotions Shape Cancer Stigma and Behavioral Intentions
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“Batson et al. (1997) found that empathy could decrease stigma toward people with AIDS, homeless people, and murder convicts.”
Background
Predisposing Customers to Be More Satisfied by Inducing Empathy in Them
Davis, C. D., Jiang, L., Williams, P., Drolet, A. L., & Gibbs, B. (2017) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965517704373 · Cited by 29
Intergroup Contact and the Central Role of Affect in Intergroup Prejudice
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“With multiple studies involving a range of stigmatized groups, Batson et al. (1997) found support for this view, showing that greater empathy toward a stigmatized individual can promote positive changes in attitudes toward the stigmatized group as a whole.”
Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: What have we learned?
Brown, L., Trujillo, L., & Macintyre, K. (2001) · doi:10.31899/hiv2001.1001 · Cited by 29
“I Feel You!”: The Role of Empathic Competences in Reducing Ethnic Prejudice Among Adolescents
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“The Empathy-Attitudes-Action model (Batson et al., 1997, 2002) provides a useful framework to understand the associations between empathic competences, prejudicial attitudes, and prosocial tendencies in intergroup contexts.”
Background
Empathic understanding: Benefits of perspective-taking and facial mimicry instructions are mediated by self-other overlap
Cooke, A. N., Bazzini, D. G., Curtin, L., & Emery, L. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9671-9 · Cited by 32
A Fresh Start for Stigmatized Groups: The Effect of Cultural Identity Mindset Framing in Brand Advertising
Milfeld, T., Haley, E., & Flint, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2021.1913264 · Cited by 28
“One reason for not advertising the cause may be that changing attitudes about stigmatized groups is notoriously challenging (Batson et al. 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The cycle of workplace bias and how to interrupt it
Stephens, N. K., Rivera, L. A., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2021.100137 · Cited by 32
Changes in visual perspective influence brain activity patterns during cognitive perspective-taking of other people's pain
Vistoli, D., Achim, A. M., Lavoie, M.-A., & Jackson, P. L. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.020 · Cited by 26
“Empathy facilitates altruistic, moral and prosocial behaviors, as well as cooperation and social coherence (Batson et al., 1991, 1997a; de Vignemont and Singer, 2006; GonzalezLiencres et al., 2013; Lockwood et al., 2014).”

Authors: Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L.
ORCID: Batson, C. Daniel
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 72
Issue: 1
Pages: 105-118
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
OpenAlex: W4230083885
Cited by: 1,463
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 28.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Education › Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: empathy, prejudice reduction, intergroup attitudes, empathy induction
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Attitude, Empathy, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, Persuasive Communication, Prejudice, Prisoners, Psychological Theory, Social Responsibility, Time Factors

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

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