Cited by 1,463Social and Intergroup PsychologyInclusion and Disability in Education and SportDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

Batson, C. Daniel, Polycarpou, Marina P., Harmon-Jones, Eddie, Imhoff, Heidi J., Mitchener, Erin C., Bednar, Lori L., Klein, Tricia R., Highberger, Lori·1997·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105

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Abstract

Results of 3 experiments suggest that feeling empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole. In Experiments 1 and 2, inducing empathy for a young woman with AIDS (Experiment 1) or a homeless man (Experiment 2) led to more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS or toward the homeless, respectively. Experiment 3 tested possible limits of the empathy-attitude effect by inducing empathy toward a member of a highly stigmatized group, convicted murderers, and measuring attitudes toward this group immediately and then 1-2 weeks later. Results provided only weak evidence of improved attitudes toward murderers immediately but strong evidence of improved attitudes 1-2 weeks later.

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“Attitudes toward minority groups (α = .81) were measured by using adaptations of seven items on a 7-point Likert scale used by Batson et al. (1997), based on McConahay’s Modern Racism Scale (1986).”
Method
Ethnic Identity and Solidarity with Functional Groups
van der Zee, K. I. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28032-4_11 · Cited by 4
Helping an Outgroup Member Or the Outgroup: The Identifiability Effect in an Intergroup Context
Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53026-0_5 · Cited by 4
Attitudes toward Immigrants, Beliefs about Causes of Poverty and Effects of Perspective-Taking
Buraschi, D., Bustillos, A., & Huici, C. (2018) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.65 · Cited by 4
“This increase of empathy goes beyond the person in distress and also includes his or her membership group, going so far as to improve the attitudes towards that group (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Stigmatized service workers in crisis: mitigating the effects of negative media
Pervan, S., & Bove, L. L. (2015) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-04-2014-0068 · Cited by 4
What Kind of Contact is Needed to Promote Integration? A Study with Primary School Teachers
Damigella, D., Licciardello, O., & Bisicchia, O. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.189 · Cited by 4
“(Batson et al., 1997; Stephan & Finlay, 1999; Vescio, Sechrist, & Paolucci, 2003; Voci & Hewstone, 2007).”
Efficacy of group counselling on multicultural awareness and respect among Thai Buddhist and Thai Muslim students
Chongruksa, D., & Prinyapol, P. (2011) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2011.615135 · Cited by 4
“Therefore, members would reduce the discrepancy by changing their attitudes in a favourable direction (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
Si los exogrupos son solidarios, entonces son humanos. El efecto de un contexto prosocial en la infrahumanización
Delgado, N., Betancor, V., Pérez, A. R., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1174/021347412800337889 · Cited by 4
“…puede funcionar como un moderador de los sesgos intergrupales activando comportamientos altruistas y actitudes más positivas hacia los exogrupos (Batson et al., 1997; Dovidio et al., 2010) Y, en un sentido similar y relativo a la conducta en general se entiende el efecto de la activación de…”
Background
The Role of Empathy in Online Boycotting : Focused on Consumer’s Affective Approach
이한석, & Joo, Y.-H. (2011) · Journal of Consumption Culture · doi:10.17053/jcc.2011.14.2.002 · Cited by 4
To connect is to be influenced: What determines a third‐party's forgiveness attitudes to conflicting groups' violent partisan members?
Noor, M., & Nazneen, S. (2016) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12148 · Cited by 4
“In order to manipulate empathy, we employed the instructions that were successfully used by previous researchers (Batson et al., 1997; Batson, Chermok, Hoyt, & Ortiz, 2007; Goldstein & Cialdini, 2007).”
Influential
Diagnosis makes a difference: Perceptions of older persons with dementia symptoms
Diekfuss, J. A., Larwelle, J. A. D., & McFadden, S. H. (2018) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2017.1422475 · Cited by 4
“Five adjectives associated with empathy were drawn from Batson et al. (1997): compassionate, soft-hearted, warm, tender, and moved.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Impact of social information on intentions to volunteer domestically for foreign causes
Cao, X. (2018) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.21318 · Cited by 4
Enhancing Empathy and Reading for Pleasure in Psychology of Gender
Willard, J., & Buddie, A. M. (2019) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684319845616 · Cited by 5
Estudio multifactorial de la conducta prosocial en niños de cinco y seis años
Blanco, V. G. (2003) · doi:10.36443/10259/60 · Cited by 4
Book Review: Altruism in Humans
Hubbeling, D. A. A. (2012) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491201000110 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, under experimental conditions one can adopt perspective taking without feeling much empathy, for example if asked how a convicted murderer would feel (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
Claiming the role of positive psychology in the fight against prejudice
Sanders, C. A., Rose, H., Booker, J. A., & King, L. A. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.2013518 · Cited by 4
Attending live theatre improves empathy, changes attitudes, and leads to pro-social behaviorPreprint
Rathje, S., Hackel, L. M., & Zaki, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/feqr8 · Cited by 4
What reduces prejudice in the real world? A meta-analysis of prejudice reduction field experimentsPreprint
Hsieh, Faulkner, N., & Wickes, R. L. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jkn8c · Cited by 4
Effective VR Intervention to Reduce Implicit Bias Towards People with Physical Disabilities: The Interplay Between Experience Design and Individual Characteristics
Jang, H., & Lee, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549532 · Cited by 7
“Traditional interventions have shown limited success in mitigating these biases [10,36,37,76], prompting researchers to explore innovative technologies such as virtual reality (VR) as potential tools to foster empathy and reduce prejudice [5,69].”
The Role of Empathy in Bias towards Mental Illness among Prospective Law Enforcement Officers
Gomez, K., & Robertson, S. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2022.2034905 · Cited by 6
“Studies have received conflicting results when inducing empathy to improve explicit bias scores (Batson et al., 1997; Teachman et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResult
Tribal Morality and the Ethical Other: The Tension between Modern Moral Aspirations and Evolved Moral Dispositions
Wright, C. (2015) · Journal of Dialogue Studies Volume 10 · doi:10.55207/hyrc1941 · Cited by 3
The impact of empathy priming on the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale for those with antisocial/psychopathic traits
Baskurt, S., & Harkins, L. (2023) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2023.2237991 · Cited by 3
“…research has shown that highly empathic individuals are more sensitive to others ’ emotions, particularly negative ones (Sonnby-Borgström, 2002), have more relationships in their support group (Kardos et al., 2017), and hold fewer negative attitudes toward stigmatised groups (Batson et al., 1997).”
Intergroup attitudes and empathy: The mediating role of cosmopolitan orientation
Seitova, D., & Kovács, M. E. (2024) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101937 · Cited by 5

Authors: Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L.
ORCID: Batson, C. Daniel
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 72
Issue: 1
Pages: 105-118
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
OpenAlex: W4230083885
Cited by: 1,463
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 28.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Education › Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: empathy, prejudice reduction, intergroup attitudes, empathy induction
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Attitude, Empathy, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, Persuasive Communication, Prejudice, Prisoners, Psychological Theory, Social Responsibility, Time Factors

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

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