Cited by 1,463Social and Intergroup PsychologyInclusion and Disability in Education and SportDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

Batson, C. Daniel, Polycarpou, Marina P., Harmon-Jones, Eddie, Imhoff, Heidi J., Mitchener, Erin C., Bednar, Lori L., Klein, Tricia R., Highberger, Lori·1997·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105

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Abstract

Results of 3 experiments suggest that feeling empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole. In Experiments 1 and 2, inducing empathy for a young woman with AIDS (Experiment 1) or a homeless man (Experiment 2) led to more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS or toward the homeless, respectively. Experiment 3 tested possible limits of the empathy-attitude effect by inducing empathy toward a member of a highly stigmatized group, convicted murderers, and measuring attitudes toward this group immediately and then 1-2 weeks later. Results provided only weak evidence of improved attitudes toward murderers immediately but strong evidence of improved attitudes 1-2 weeks later.

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Libera, C. D., Goosse, M., Larøi, F., & Willems, S. J. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152379 · Cited by 8
Virtual Immersive Contact: A Field Experiment to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination in Central African Republic
Branham, L. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231180098 · Cited by 10
“There have been many studies that link increased empathy to improved attitudes towards outgroup members, including improving attitudes towards people with HIV/ AIDS, and toward racial and ethnic minorities (Batson et al. 1997; Finlay & Stephan 2000; Stephan & Finlay 1999).”
Background
Systematizing destigmatization in the context of media and communication: a systematic literature review
Kunze, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1331139 · Cited by 8
The role of racial shared reality in Black Americans' identity-safety during interracial interactions
Yantis, C., Green, D., & Taylor, V. J. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104734 · Cited by 8
Ironic Effects of Moral Motivation: Why Working Toward a Moral Goal Reduces Subsequent Perspective Taking
Ståhl, T., & Ellemers, N. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.2.133 · Cited by 8
“…1987; underwood & Moore, 1982). for instance, perspective taking has been found to counteract explicit as well as implicit racial bias (e.g., Batson et al., 1997; dovidio et al., 2004; todd, Bodenhausen, richeson, & galinsky, 2011). thus, to the extent that engaging in an initial morally…”
Background
Skip or Not to Skip: Impact of Empathy and Ad Length on Viewers' Ad-Skipping Behaviors on the Internet
Jeon, Y. (2018) · Interacción · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92285-0_36 · Cited by 11
Having pity on our victims to save ourselves: Compassion reduces self-critical emotions and self-blame about past harmful behavior among those who highly identify with their past self
Meerholz, E. W., Spears, R., & Epstude, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223945 · Cited by 6
Efectos conjuntos del contacto imaginado y la similitud con el protagonista de mensajes testimoniales a través de la identificación y el transporte narrativo
Perosanz, J. J. I., Wojcieszak, M., & Kim, N. (2019) · Cuadernos info · doi:10.7764/cdi.45.1584 · Cited by 8
“There is a whole line of research, initiated by Batson and collaborators (e.g., Batson et al., 1997; Tarrant & Hadert, 2010; Wojcieszak & Kim, 2016), which has analyzed the influence of empathy on intergroup attitudes towards stigmatized groups.”
Background
Reflections in comics: the views of queer artists in producing body image comics and how their work can improve health
Joy, P. R., Gauvin, S. E. M., Aston, M. L., & Numer, M. (2020) · Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics · doi:10.1080/21504857.2020.1806891 · Cited by 10
“As this participant revealed, comics that create spaces for diverse bodies are not just revolutionary but can allow readers to empathise with others, something that has been previously noted to improve the health of queer men (Batson et al. 1997; Stephan and Finlay 1999).”
Background
Empathy reduces susceptibility to false memory
Lo, S.-Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02281-4 · Cited by 10
Perspectives of Nursing Students towards Schizophrenia Stigma: A Qualitative Study Protocol
Chen, X., Su, J. J., Bressington, D. T., Li, Y., & Leung, S. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159574 · Cited by 8
Native American Speech-Language Pathology Assistants: Expanding Culturally Responsive Services in Reservation Schools
Meeks, J. C. (2022) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2022_lshss-22-00081 · Cited by 9
Can repeated and reflective prosocial experiences in sport increase generosity in adolescent athletes?
Proulx, J. D. E., Macchia, L., & Aknin, L. B. (2023) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2023.2178955 · Cited by 9
“Such a target may reduce feelings of sympathy that could potentially drive high levels of generosity (e.g., Batson et al., 1997, Small et al., 2007) and help normalize donation rates.”
Individual Differences in Discrimination Expectations Moderate the Impact of Target Stereotypically Black Physical Features on Racism-Related Responses in Blacks
Johnson, J. D., Ashburn‐Nardo, L., & Lecci, L. B. (2012) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798412469229 · Cited by 8
“A focus on empathic responding in the present study is important because such responding has been shown to be extremely relevant in situations involving persons, such as a Black man who reports being a victim of racism, in various forms of distress (see Batson, 1991; Batson et al., 1997).”
Background
Is Empathy Necessary for the Practice of “Good” Medicine
Bouma, H. K. (2008) · The Open Ethics Journal · doi:10.2174/1874761200802010001 · Cited by 8
“Genes also account for 42% of the reliable variance in “pro-social behaviours” (i.e. feelings of social responsibility) (Rushton, 2004, p. 2585), an attribute that has been linked to empathy in other studies (Batson et al., 1997).”
Background
Immigrants Are Like … The Representation of Immigrants in Italy: The Metaphors Used by Students and Their Family Backgrounds
Cavicchiolo, E., Alivernini, F., & Manganelli, S. (2016) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2016-013-cavi · Cited by 8
Harnessing Phenomenological Research to Facilitate Conscientização About Oppressive Lived Experience
Gupta, N. (2018) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167818820465 · Cited by 17
“Batson et al. (1997) published a landmark research study which demonstrated that participants felt greater empathy and more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS after listening to a radio talk show in which a woman described her experience of living with AIDS. Johnson et al. (2013) published a study demonstratin…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Playing to Experience Marginalization: Benefits and Drawbacks of ‘Dark Tourism’ in Larp
Leonard, D. J., Janjetovic, J., & Usman, M. (2021) · International Journal of Role-Playing · doi:10.33063/ijrp.vi11.282 · Cited by 12
Is Virtual Reality Uniquely Effective in Eliciting Empathy?Preprint
Jones, J. J., & Sommer, J. M. (2018) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/bgc5n · Cited by 8
Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costsPreprint
Cameron, D., Hutcherson, C. A. C., Ferguson, A. M., Scheffer, J. A., Hadjiandreou, E., & Inzlicht, M. (2016) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jkc4n · Cited by 8
Alter egos alter engagement: perspective-taking can improve disclosure quantity and depth to AI chatbots in promoting mental wellbeing
You, C., Ghosh, R., Vilaro, M. J., Venkatakrishnan, R., Venkatakrishnan, R., Maxim, A., Peng, X., Tamboli, D. N. A., & Lok, B. C. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1655860 · Cited by 10
Revisiting the Importance of Knowledge
Chung, A. H., & Rimal, R. N. (2014) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198114550824 · Cited by 7
“, 1998), coping skills training (Brown, Trujillo, & Macintyre, 2001), and increased contact with people living with HIV (Batson et al., 1997; Bean, Keller, Newburg, & Brown, 1989; Herek & Capitanio, 1994, 1997).”
Background
Instagram sober journeys: How relapse narratives and viewing orders influence audience response on social media
Lu, H. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107846 · Cited by 7
Partisan Motivated Empathy and Policy Attitudes
Brophy, N., & Mullinix, K. J. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09890-x · Cited by 11
“Batson et al. (1997) “induce empathy” by having people listen to an interview with a woman who has AIDS and asking them to imagine how the situation has impacted her life.”
"It's not an overreaction": Increasing White people's acceptance of the reality of bias and receptivity to Black people's bias concerns
Dix, E. L., & Devine, P. G. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104545 · Cited by 7

Authors: Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L.
ORCID: Batson, C. Daniel
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 72
Issue: 1
Pages: 105-118
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
OpenAlex: W4230083885
Cited by: 1,463
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 28.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Education › Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: empathy, prejudice reduction, intergroup attitudes, empathy induction
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Attitude, Empathy, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, Persuasive Communication, Prejudice, Prisoners, Psychological Theory, Social Responsibility, Time Factors

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

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