Cited by 1,463Social and Intergroup PsychologyInclusion and Disability in Education and SportDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

Batson, C. Daniel, Polycarpou, Marina P., Harmon-Jones, Eddie, Imhoff, Heidi J., Mitchener, Erin C., Bednar, Lori L., Klein, Tricia R., Highberger, Lori·1997·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105

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Abstract

Results of 3 experiments suggest that feeling empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole. In Experiments 1 and 2, inducing empathy for a young woman with AIDS (Experiment 1) or a homeless man (Experiment 2) led to more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS or toward the homeless, respectively. Experiment 3 tested possible limits of the empathy-attitude effect by inducing empathy toward a member of a highly stigmatized group, convicted murderers, and measuring attitudes toward this group immediately and then 1-2 weeks later. Results provided only weak evidence of improved attitudes toward murderers immediately but strong evidence of improved attitudes 1-2 weeks later.

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Influence of empathic concern on fairness-related decision making: Evidence from ERP
He, Y., Hu, X., & Mai, X. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00385 · Cited by 12
“…18~24 岁, M ± SD = 21.00 ± 2.07岁)。使用G*Power v.3.1进行了样本量估计(Faul et al., 2009)。根据分析(f = 0.25, α = 0.05, β = 0.95, 方差分析: 重复测量, 被试内因素), 需要 28名被试的总样本量来检测出可靠的效应量, 本研究被试量满足要求。 2.2 实验程序首先被试明确实验任务是决定是否接受提议者对 10元钱提出的分配提议, 告知被试提议者分别来自一所乡村留守儿童学校的留守学生和一所市立中学的普通学生, 留守学生的家庭条件和学校基础设施等各方面相对普通学生都较差,…”
Influential
Intergroup contact and intended actions in support of disadvantaged groups: The role of affective processes and feelings of solidarity
Özkan, Z., Dhont, K., & Abrams, D. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231174402 · Cited by 14
“This may improve outgroup attitudes and facilitate altruistic tendencies and prosocial behaviors toward the outgroup (Abrams et al., 2015; Batson et al., 1997; Eisenberg et al., 2010).”
Background
A cognitive dissonance approach to moderating listener perception of L2 English speakers
Miao, Y., Moran, M., & Kang, O. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2236073 · Cited by 14
“Besides the intergroup contact hypothesis, scholars have also investigated the effect of perspective-taking on reducing bias and prejudice (e.g. Batson et al. 1997; Finlay and Stephan 2000; Galinsky, Ku, and Wang 2005).”
The role of empathy in support for inclusive education
Kudrnáč, A., Bocskor, Á., & Hanzlová, R. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09928-w · Cited by 14
“…2007; Dovidio et al., 2004; Finlay & Stephan, 2000; Pedersen et al., 2004; Shih et al., 2009), sexual minorities (Burke et al., 2015), disabled people (Clore & Jeffery, 1972), or different stigmatized groups such as drug addicts, homeless people, or people with AIDS (Batson et al., 1997, 2002).”
A multi-dimensional typology of allyship action in violent intergroup conflict settings: Differentiating actor, target, and type of action
Uluğ, Ö. M., Chayinska, M., Schreiber, J. A., & Taylor, L. K. (2024) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2024.2396733 · Cited by 13
“Lab conducted a series of studies extending Batson’s seminal work on the empathy-attitudes-action model (Batson et al., 1997).”
“Let's Make the Difference!” Promoting Hate Counter‐Speech in Adolescence Through Empathy and Digital Intergroup Contact
Sportelli, C., Cicirelli, P. G., Paciello, M., Corbelli, G., & D’Errico, F. (2024) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70028 · Cited by 14
Stigma, AIDS, and HIV Prevention in Africa: Reports from Community Organizations Providing Prevention Services
Benotsch, E. G., Seal, D. W., Stevenson, L., et al. (2008) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911350802427571 · Cited by 13
“Previous research suggests that feeling empathy for a single member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole (Batson et al., 1997).”
How Media Portrayals of Suffering Influence Willingness to Help
Kogen, L., & Dilliplane, S. (2017) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000232 · Cited by 13
“4 Items were adapted from past studies exploring sympathy and empathy (Batson et al., 1997; Cryder, Loewenstein, & Seltman, 2013; Davis, 1980). 5 Items were adapted, in part, from Cryder, Loewenstein, Scheines (2012).”
Method
When is your pain my gain? The use of perspective taking by everyday sadists
Lui, L. F., Sassenrath, C., & Pfattheicher, S. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110213 · Cited by 13
Health care professionals report positive experience with a breastfeeding training program based on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative for Neonatal Intensive Care
Gerhardsson, E., Oras, P., Mattsson, E., Blomqvist, Y. T., & Funkquist, E. (2022) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2022.02.008 · Cited by 13
“The same underlying theory was used when discussing on-demand feeding and non-separation (Batson et al., 1997).”
Implementation and evaluation of gerontological nursing education program: consist of knowledge about nursing care for elderly and elderly simulation experience
Oh, H., & Jeong, H.-S. (2012) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2012.13.4.1654 · Cited by 13
Getting Emotional About Explanations: Social Explanations and Social Explanatory Styles as Bases of Prosocial Emotions and Intergroup Attitudes
Gill, M. J., & Andreychik, M. R. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00218.x · Cited by 13
Whose side are you on? Exploring the role of perspective taking on third-party’s reactions to workplace deviance
Fiori, M., Krings, F., Kleinlogel, E., & Reich, T. (2016) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2016.1215984 · Cited by 13
“We adapted the manipulation of perspective taking from previous studies (e.g., Batson et al., 1997; Johnson et al., 2002).”
Method
From incidental harms to moral elevation: The positive effect of experiencing unintentional, uncontrollable, and unavoidable harms on perceived moral character
Schaumberg, R. L., & Mullen, E. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.06.016 · Cited by 15
The Effect of an Intervention on College Students’ Attitudes Towards People with Disabilities and Self-Directed Mobility
Logan, S. W., & Bogart, K. R. (2020) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2020.1738011 · Cited by 13
“For example, perspective-taking in the form of imagining what life is like for someone else vs imagining oneself in their position may result in different experiences (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Role of Empathy in the Relationship Between Social Political Ideology and Sexual Prejudice in Heterosexual College Students in the U.S.
Marsden, A. D., & Barnett, M. D. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01545-5 · Cited by 15
Examining physiological and self-report indicators of empathy during learners' interaction with a queer history app
Harley, J. M., Liu, Y. S., Ahn, B., Lajoie, S. P., & Grace, A. P. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13019 · Cited by 12
Cooperative versus competitive interactions and in-group bias
Xu, X., Potters, J., & Suetens, S. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.08.041 · Cited by 13
Parallel empathy and group attitudes in late childhood: The role of perceived peer group attitudes
van Bommel, G., Thijs, J. T., & Miklikowska, M. (2020) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1840326 · Cited by 14
Can Empathy Improve Concern for Secondary Group Members? Testing an Emotionally Engaging Video Intervention
Cargile, A. C. (2016) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2016.1186623 · Cited by 13
“In these cases, the action of empathy is presumed to follow the path of the empathy-attitude model (Batson et al., 1997) in which empathy increases valuing of the stigmatized group member’s welfare, which, in turn, increases valuing and overall appraisal of the group as a whole.”
Background

Authors: Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L.
ORCID: Batson, C. Daniel
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 72
Issue: 1
Pages: 105-118
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
OpenAlex: W4230083885
Cited by: 1,463
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 28.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Education › Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: empathy, prejudice reduction, intergroup attitudes, empathy induction
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Attitude, Empathy, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, Persuasive Communication, Prejudice, Prisoners, Psychological Theory, Social Responsibility, Time Factors

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Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?

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