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Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit.
Open accessAbstract
The theoretical distinction between goal intentions ("I intend to achieve -c") and implementation intentions ("I intend to perform goal-directed behavior y when I encounter situation z"; P. M. Gollwitzer, 1993) is explored by assessing the completion rate of various goal projects. In correlational Study 1, difficult goal intentions were completed about 3 times more often when participants had furnished them with implementation intentions. In experimental Study 2, all participants were assigned the same difficult goal intention, and half were instructed to form implementation intentions. The beneficial effects of implementation intentions paralleled diose of Study 1. In experimental Study 3, implementation intentions were observed to facilitate the immediate initiation of goaldirected action when the intended opportunity was encountered. Implementation intentions are interpreted to be powerful self-regulatory tools for overcoming the typical obstacles associated with the initiation of goal-directed actions.
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“Due to this link, the action is executed immediately, efficiently, independent of conscious intent and with reduced controllability (Bayer et al., 2009; Brandstätter et al., 2001; Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997; Wieber & Sassenberg, 2006).”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Implementation intentions are only effective for difficult‐to‐implement goals that demand substantial self‐regulation (Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997; Wieber et al., 2010).”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“For healthy children with well‐developed self‐regulatory capacities, implementation intention effects are only to be expected if the task is difficult enough to demand self‐regulation (Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997; Wieber et al., 2010).”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997
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“particularly useful are for example implementation intentions and mental contrasting (Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997;Oettingen & Mayer, 2002).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997
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Background
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gollwitzer, Peter M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 186-199
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2158545087
- Cited by
- 1,343
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 34.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal intentions, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior, task completion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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