Cited by 1,343Behavioral Health and InterventionsGrit, Self-Efficacy, and MotivationDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit.

Open access

Gollwitzer, Peter M., Brandstätter, Veronika·1997·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.186

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The theoretical distinction between goal intentions ("I intend to achieve -c") and implementation intentions ("I intend to perform goal-directed behavior y when I encounter situation z"; P. M. Gollwitzer, 1993) is explored by assessing the completion rate of various goal projects. In correlational Study 1, difficult goal intentions were completed about 3 times more often when participants had furnished them with implementation intentions. In experimental Study 2, all participants were assigned the same difficult goal intention, and half were instructed to form implementation intentions. The beneficial effects of implementation intentions paralleled diose of Study 1. In experimental Study 3, implementation intentions were observed to facilitate the immediate initiation of goaldirected action when the intended opportunity was encountered. Implementation intentions are interpreted to be powerful self-regulatory tools for overcoming the typical obstacles associated with the initiation of goal-directed actions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.186

Cites

58 of 58 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Untitled work
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737
From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I. (1985) · Action Control · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 · Cited by 19,057
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance
Tosi, H. L., Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1991) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258875 · Cited by 4,840
A Theory of Goal Setting and Task PerformanceA Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance, by LockeEdwin A. and LathamGary P.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
Tosi, H. L. (1991) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1991.4278976 · Cited by 4,147
Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior.
Atkinson, J. W. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043445 · Cited by 3,706
Action control : from cognition to behavior
Kühl, J., & Beckmann, J. (1985) · Cited by 3,444
A motivational approach to self: integration in personality.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 2,718
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586 · Cited by 2,675 · cited 1×
“Numerous other relevant aspects of goal content have been suggested, such as specific-abstract (Emmons, 1992; Locke & Latham, 1990), proximal-distal (Bandura & Schunk, 1981), and positive versus negative outcome focus (Higgins, Roney, Crowe, & Hymes, 1994).”
Background

Show all 60 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P.M. (1994). Environmental control of goal-directed action. In W. Spaulding (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Integrative views of motivation, cognition, and emotion (Vol. 41, pp. 71-124). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Heckhausen, H. (1989). Motivation und Handeln [Motivation and ac- tion]. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 193-232). New York: Academic Press.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,001

Beyond Willpower: Strategies for Reducing Failures of Self-Control
Duckworth, A. L., Milkman, K. L., & Laibson, D. (2018) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100618821893 · Cited by 294
Leader cognition in real-world settings: How do leaders think about crises?
Mumford, M. D., Friedrich, T. L., Caughron, J. J., & Byrne, C. L. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.002 · Cited by 231
Procrastination at Work and Time Management Training
van Eerde, W. (2003) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980309600625 · Cited by 255
Motivational and Volitional Processes in Action Initiation: A Field Study of the Role of Implementation Intentions1
Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02823.x · Cited by 254
Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure
Rozental, A., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.513160 · Cited by 251
“…setting have been proposed to promote more realistic performance judgments and the individual’s engagement in goal-directed behaviors (van Eerde, 2000); particularly useful are for example implementation intentions and mental contrasting (Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997; Oettingen & Mayer, 2002).”
Background
Reducing the Expression of Implicit Stereotypes: Reflexive Control Through Implementation Intentions
Mendoza, S. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Amodio, D. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210362789 · Cited by 251
Self-citation
Healthy habits: efficacy of simple advice on weight control based on a habit-formation model
Lally, P., Chipperfield, A., & Wardle, J. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803771 · Cited by 250
The ADDITION study: proposed trial of the cost-effectiveness of an intensive multifactorial intervention on morbidity and mortality among people with Type 2 diabetes detected by screening
GRuttenfor the ADDITION Study Group, Lauritzen, T., Griffin, S. J., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Wareham, N., & Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801420 · Cited by 247
When planning is not enough: fighting unhealthy snacking habits by mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII)
Adriaanse, M. A., Oettingen, G., Gollwitzer, P. M., Hennes, E. P., de Ridder, D. T. D., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.730 · Cited by 247
Self-citation
Deciding to exercise: The role of anticipated regret
Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2004) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910704773891096 · Cited by 246
The use of implementation intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour
Prestwich, A., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. T. (2003) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440310001594493 · Cited by 245
Mechanisms of implementation intention effects: The role of goal intentions, self‐efficacy, and accessibility of plan components
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x267010 · Cited by 351
Effective self-regulation of goal attainment
Oettingen, G., Hönig, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2000) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(00)00046-x · Cited by 254
Self-citation
The neuroscience of race
Kubota, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3136 · Cited by 242
Entrepreneurial behaviour of dutch dairy farmers under a milk quota system: goals, objectives and attitudes
Bergevoet, R. H. M., Ondersteijn, C. J. M., Saatkamp, H. W., van Woerkum, C. M. J., & Huirne, R. B. M. (2003) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2003.05.001 · Cited by 242
Action regulation theory and career self-management
Raabe, B., Fresé, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2007) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.005 · Cited by 241
Implementation Intentions and Facilitation of Prospective Memory
Chasteen, A. L., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00385 · Cited by 241
Growth Goals, Maturity, and Well-Being.
Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.114 · Cited by 253
Self‐Regulation in Health Behavior
(2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713150 · Cited by 243
Strategic automation of emotion regulation.
Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013460 · Cited by 235
Self-citation
Planning to break unwanted habits: Habit strength moderates implementation intention effects on behaviour change
Webb, T. L., Sheeran, P., & Łuszczyńska, A. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x370591 · Cited by 234
Compatibility Effects in Judgment and Choice
Slovic, P., Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.014 · Cited by 235
Be Fit and Be Strong: Mastering Self-Regulation through Regulatory Fit
Hong, J., & Lee, A. Y. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/521902 · Cited by 230
About the impact of automaticity in the minimal group paradigm: evidence from affective priming tasks
Otten, S., & Wentura, D. (1999) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199912)29:8 · Cited by 205
Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship
Renko, M., Kroeck, K. G., & Bullough, A. (2011) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9354-3 · Cited by 218
Effective regulation of affect: An action control perspective on emotion regulation
Webb, T. L., Schweiger Gallo, I., Miles, E., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2012.718134 · Cited by 216
Self-citation
The Association between Medication Adherence and Visual Field Progression in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study
Newman-Casey, P. A., Niziol, L. M., Gillespie, B. W., Janz, N. K., Lichter, P. R., & Musch, D. C. (2020) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.10.022 · Cited by 215
Separable brain systems supporting cued versus self-initiated realization of delayed intentions.
Gilbert, S. J., Gollwitzer, P. M., Cohen, A.-L., Oettingen, G., & Burgess, P. W. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0015535 · Cited by 211
Self-citation
The Availability Heuristic Revisited: Ease of Recall and Content of Recall as Distinct Sources of Information
Schwarz, N., & Vaughn, L. A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.007 · Cited by 215
Implementation intention and planning interventions in Health Psychology: Recommendations from the Synergy Expert Group for research and practice
Hagger, M. S., Łuszczyńska, A., de Wit, J. B. F., Benyamini, Y., Burkert, S., Chamberland, P.-É., Chater, A., Dombrowski, S. U., van Dongen, A., French, D., et al. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1146719 · Cited by 210
Self-citation
The Effect of Experiential Social Entrepreneurship Education on Intention Formation in Students
Hockerts, K. N. (2018) · Journal of Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/19420676.2018.1498377 · Cited by 207
When Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism
Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.021 · Cited by 211
Goals to change personality traits: Concurrent links between personality traits, daily behavior, and goals to change oneself
Hudson, N. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.08.008 · Cited by 203
An investigation of information sharing and seeking behaviors in online investment communities
Park, J.-H., Gu, B., Leung, A. C. M., & Konana, P. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.002 · Cited by 209
Traps and gaps in action explanation: Theoretical problems of a psychology of human action.
Greve, W. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.435 · Cited by 211
An intervention to promote walking amongst the general population based on an ‘extended’ theory of planned behaviour: A waiting list randomised controlled trial
Darker, C. D., French, D., Eves, F. F., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2009) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440902893716 · Cited by 216
Why did I eat that? Perspectives on food decision making and dietary restraint
Bublitz, M. G., Peracchio, L. A., & Block, L. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.06.008 · Cited by 207
Moving from cognition to behavior: What the research says.
Johnson, R. E., Chang, C.-H., & Lord, R. G. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.381 · Cited by 193
Sympathetic Magical Thinking: The Contagion and Similarity “Heuristics”
Rozin, P. N., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.013 · Cited by 195
Entrepreneurial Intentions Are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions
Krueger, N. F. (2017) · International studies in entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45544-0_2 · Cited by 206
Construal Level and Procrastination
McCrea, S. M., Liberman, N., Yaacov Trope, B., & Sherman, S. J. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02240.x · Cited by 188
Health goal priming as a situated intervention tool: how to benefit from nonconscious motivational routes to health behaviour
Papies, E. K. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1183506 · Cited by 188
The Automatic Pursuit and Management of Goals
Shah, J. Y. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00325.x · Cited by 186
The eternal quest for optimal balance between maximizing pleasure and minimizing harm: The compensatory health beliefs model
Rabia, M., Knaüper, B., & Miquelon, P. (2006) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910705x52237 · Cited by 204
An Integrative Theory of Motivation, Volition, and Performance
Keller, J. M. (2008) · Cited by 186
Moderators of the intention-behaviour relationship in the physical activity domain: a systematic review
Rhodes, R. E., & Dickau, L. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090411 · Cited by 205
The role of prospective memory in medication adherence: a review of an emerging literature
Zogg, J. B., Woods, S. P., Sauceda, J. A., Wiebe, J. S., & Simoni, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9341-9 · Cited by 192
Action Control by Implementation Intentions: Effective Cue Detection and Efficient Response Initiation
Parks–Stamm, E. J., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.2.248 · Cited by 191
Self-citation
Optimizing Students’ Mental Health and Academic Performance: AI-Enhanced Life Crafting
Dekker, I., De Jong, E. M., Schippers, M. C., De Bruijn-Smolders, M., Alexiou, A., & Giesbers, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01063 · Cited by 176
The Effects of Mindset on Behavior: Self-Regulation in Deliberative and Implemental Frames of Mind
Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202238374 · Cited by 183
Breaking car use habits: The effectiveness of a free one-month travelcard
Thøgersen, J. B., & Møller, B. (2008) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-008-9160-1 · Cited by 173
Measuring implementation intentions in the context of the theory of planned behavior
Rise, J., Thompson, M., & Verplanken, B. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00325 · Cited by 172
Conceptualizing and Defining the Intention Construct for Future Physical Activity Research
Rhodes, R. E., & Rebar, A. L. (2017) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000127 · Cited by 186
How Mouse-tracking Can Advance Social Cognitive Theory
Stillman, P. E., Shen, X., & Ferguson, M. J. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.012 · Cited by 168
Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.026 · Cited by 178
Intention as a cognitive antecedent to international entrepreneurship—understanding the moderating roles of knowledge and experience
Sommer, L., & Haug, M. (2010) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-010-0162-z · Cited by 176
Performance in Planning: Processes, Requirements, and Errors
Mumford, M. D., Schultz, R. A., & Doorn, J. R. V. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.3.213 · Cited by 175
Determinants of physical activity maintenance: a systematic review and meta-analyses
Amireault, S., Godin, G., & Vézina‐Im, L. (2012) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2012.701060 · Cited by 178
Idea evaluation: Error in evaluating highly original ideas
Licuanan, B., Dailey, L. R., & Mumford, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2007.tb01279.x · Cited by 166
Addressing Discrepancies between Values and Behavior: The Motivating Effect of Reasons
Maio, G. R., Olson, J. M., Allen, L., & Bernard, M. M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1436 · Cited by 165
Determinants of the effectiveness of travel feedback programs—a review of communicative mobility management measures for changing travel behaviour in Japan
Fujii, S., & Taniguchi, A. (2006) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.12.007 · Cited by 165
Changing behavior by memory aids: A social psychological model of prospective memory and habit development tested with dynamic field data.
Tobias, R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015512 · Cited by 165
The emergence and implementation of health goals
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (1998) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449808407424 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Bridging the gap between intentions and behavior: Implementation intentions, action control, and procrastination
van Hooft, E. A. J., Born, M. P., Taris, T. W., der Flier, H. V., & Blonk, R. W. B. (2005) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2004.10.003 · Cited by 162
Inside the Planning Fallacy: The Causes and Consequences of Optimistic Time Predictions
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.016 · Cited by 169
Fruitful plans: Adding targeted mental imagery to implementation intentions increases fruit consumption
Knaüper, B., McCollam, A., Rosen-Brown, A., Lacaille, J., Kelso, E., & Roseman, M. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870441003703218 · Cited by 160
Mental Contamination and the Debiasing Problem
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., & Brekke, N. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.012 · Cited by 160
Improving Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Nontraditional Approaches
Park, D. C., Gutchess, A. H., Meade, M. L., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/62.special_issue_1.45 · Cited by 159
Toward A Contextual Model of Entrepreneurial Intentions
Elfving, J., Brännback, M. E., & Carsrud, A. L. (2009) · International studies in entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_2 · Cited by 159
Exploring the Interplay of Trait Self–Control and Ego Depletion: Empirical Evidence for Ironic Effects
Imhoff, R., Schmidt, A. F., & Gerstenberg, F. X. R. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1899 · Cited by 174
Motivation and Action: Introduction and Overview
Heckhausen, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_1 · Cited by 167
Is It Okay to Study Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) at the Individual Level? Yes!
Clark, D. R., Pidduck, R. J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Covin, J. G. (2023) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587231178885 · Cited by 155
From Fantasy to Action: Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions (MCII) Improves Academic Performance in Children
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613476307 · Cited by 171
Promoting the translation of intentions into action by implementation intentions: behavioral effects and physiological correlates
Wieber, F., Thürmer, J. L., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00395 · Cited by 119
Self-citation
Leadership skills and the group performance: Situational demands, behavioral requirements, and planning
Marta, S., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2004) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.04.004 · Cited by 150
Inferential Correction
Gilbert, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.011 · Cited by 153
Future planning: default network activity couples with frontoparietal control network and reward-processing regions during process and outcome simulations
Gerlach, K. D., Spreng, R. N., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu001 · Cited by 148
Social Innovation: Enhancing Creative Performance Through Causal Analysis
Marcy, R. T., & Mumford, M. D. (2007) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410701397180 · Cited by 148
Automatic and Flexible: The Case of Nonconscious Goal Pursuit
Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. A., & Cohen‐Zimerman, S. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.1.20 · Cited by 156
The Evolving Understanding of Physical Activity Behavior
Rhodes, R. E. (2016) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2016.11.001 · Cited by 162
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
Self-citation
Underestimating the Duration of Future Events: Memory Incorrectly Used or Memory Bias?
Roy, M. M., Christenfeld, N. J. S., & McKenzie, C. R. M. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.738 · Cited by 147
Feelings as Information: Moods Influence Judgments and Processing Strategies
Schwarz, N. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.031 · Cited by 149
Development of the PRO-SDLS: A Measure of Self-Direction in Learning Based on the Personal Responsibility Orientation Model
Stockdale, S. L., & Brockett, R. G. (2010) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713610380447 · Cited by 144
Reflective and reflexive action control in patients with frontal brain lesions.
Lengfelder, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.1.80 · Cited by 144
Self-citation
A temporal analysis of how entrepreneurial goal intentions, positive fantasies, and action planning affect starting a new venture and when the effects wear off
Gielnik, M. M., Barabas, S., Fresé, M., Namatovu-Dawa, R., Scholz, F. A., Metzger, J. R., & Walter, T. J. (2013) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.09.002 · Cited by 150
Aging and Medical Adherence: The Use of Automatic Processes to Achieve Effortful Things.
Liu, L. L., & Park, D. C. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.318 · Cited by 140
EFFECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS ON THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BEHAVIOURS — RESULTS OF TWO FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Bamberg, S. (2002) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.2002.0278 · Cited by 138
Does forming implementation intentions help people with mental health problems to achieve goals? A meta‐analysis of experimental studies with clinical and analogue samples
Toli, A., Webb, T. L., & Hardy, G. E. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12086 · Cited by 137
Motivation and Volition in the Course of Action
Achtziger, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499821.012 · Cited by 137
Self-citation
Beyond intention: do specific plans increase health behaviours in patients in primary care? A study of fruit and vegetable consumption
Jackson, C., Lawton, R., Knapp, P., Raynor, D. K., Conner, M. T., Lowe, C., & Closs, S. J. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.014 · Cited by 137
Individual and collaborative implementation intentions and the promotion of breast self-examination
Prestwich, A., Conner, M. T., Lawton, R., Bailey, W. L., Litman, J., & Molyneaux, V. (2005) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/14768320500183335 · Cited by 136
Handbook of Motivational Counseling
(2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713129 · Cited by 139
Coping and Construal Level Matching Drives Health Message Effectiveness via Response Efficacy or Self-Efficacy Enhancement
Han, D., Duhachek, A., & Agrawal, N. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw036 · Cited by 135
Planning, personality, and prediction: The role of future focus in optimistic time predictions
Buehler, R., & Griffin, D. W. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(03)00089-x · Cited by 135
Training Learning Strategies to Promote Self-Regulation and Transfer: The Knowledge, Belief, Commitment, and Planning Framework
McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620920723 · Cited by 146
Student Motivation: Current Theories, Constructs, and Interventions Within an Expectancy-Value Framework
Hulleman, C. S., Barron, K. E., Kosovich, J. J., & Lazowski, R. A. (2016) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_10 · Cited by 146
Consider it done! Plan making can eliminate the cognitive effects of unfulfilled goals.
Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024192 · Cited by 132
Self‐regulation of time management: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions
Oettingen, G., Kappes, H. B., Guttenberg, K. B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2090 · Cited by 146
Self-citation
Integrating the Perceived Neighborhood Environment and the Theory of Planned Behavior When Predicting Walking in a Canadian Adult Sample
Rhodes, R. E., Brown, S. G., & McIntyre, C. A. (2006) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.2.110 · Cited by 132

Authors: Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V.
Affiliations: University of Konstanz (DE)
Corresponding author: Gollwitzer, Peter M.
ORCID: Gollwitzer, Peter M.
Brandstätter, Veronika
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-07
Volume: 73
Issue: 1
Pages: 186-199
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.186
OpenAlex: W2158545087
Cited by: 1,343
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 34.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
nbn-resolving.de
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: implementation intentions, goal intentions, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior, task completion

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks