The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking.
Abstract
Five studies tested the hypotheses that there are individual differences in the frequency of automatic thoughts involving perfectionism and that these thoughts are associated with psychological distress. Research with the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI) established that this new measure has adequate psychometric properties, and high PCI scorers tend to spontaneously report perfectionistic thoughts in naturalistic situations. Additional research confirmed that frequent perfectionism thoughts account for unique variance in distress, over and above variance predicted by standard measures of negative automatic thoughts and trait perfectionism measures. Overall, the findings support the view that personality traits involved in depression and anxiety have a cognitive component involving ruminative thoughts and that activation of this cognitive personality component contributes to distress.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This account of the role of negative self-evaluations in the expectancy-assessment process and subsequent self-regulation failure dovetails with the emotion regulation models of procrastination (Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Sirois & Pychyl, 2013), and with the proposed associations between negative affect and end-state thinking in perfectionistic concerns (Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray,”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray, 1998
In the citing paper
“For individuals high in perfectionistic concerns, negative affect arising from the expectancy-assessment process may activate ruminative brooding and end-state thinking that shifts focus to the negative feelings surrounding the goal rather than to ways of taking instrumental action to attain the goal (Flett et al., 1998; Flett, Hewitt, & Nepon, 2016; L. L. Martin & Tesser, 1989).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Flett et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“perfectionism can also be viewed as the frequency with which automatic perfectionistic thoughts are experienced (e.g., Perfectionistic Cognitions Inventory (PCI); Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein & Gray, 1998), and as a self-presentation style characterized by defensive selfconcealment (e.g., Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS); Hewitt et al., 2003).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein & Gray, 1998
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 407
Rice, K. G., Gnilka, P. B., Davis, D. E., & Ashby, J. S. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117702241 · Cited by 13
Specific formulation feedback in dynamic-relational group psychotherapy of perfectionism.
Hewitt, P. L., Mikail, S. F., Flett, G. L., & Dang, S. S. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000137 · Cited by 13
Self-citationKehayes, I. L., & Mackinnon, S. P. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.257 · Cited by 13
Tyler, J., Mu, W., McCann, J. P., Belli, G. M., & Asnaani, A. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1798497 · Cited by 13
Perfectionism, Mood, and Memory For Positive, Negative, and Perfectionistic Content
Avi Besser, A., Flett, G. L., Guez, J., & Hewitt, P. L. (2008) · Individual Differences Research · doi:10.65030/idr.06016 · Cited by 13
Self-citationPerfectionism, Health, and Well-Being: Epilogue and Future Directions
Molnar, D. S., & Sirois, F. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_13 · Cited by 13
Self-concept certainty in adaptive and maladaptive perfectionists
Lo, A., & Abbott, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719843455 · Cited by 17
Gómez‐Ortiz, O., & Sánchez‐Sánchez, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137685 · Cited by 12
Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., & Ghinassi, S. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.112044 · Cited by 12
ÇARKIT, E., & YALÇIN, S. B. (2018) · Sakarya University Journal of Education · doi:10.19126/suje.367429 · Cited by 12
de Jonge-Heesen, K. W. J., Rasing, S. P. A., Vermulst, A. A., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Creemers, D. H. M. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00368-x · Cited by 17
The Influence of Parent Factors on Child Perfectionism: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cook, L. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34917/4332532 · Cited by 12
Crowell, D., & Madigan, D. J. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2020.1869802 · Cited by 14
Joubert, C. P. (2015) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 11
Perfectionism and rumination in depression
Rosa, L. D., Miracco, M., Galarregui, M. S., & Keegan, E. G. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01834-0 · Cited by 10
The Role of Perfectionism in Music Performance Anxiety Within University Piano Majors in China
Yang, Y., Schroeder, F., & Rodger, M. W. M. (2022) · Springer series in design and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09659-4_48 · Cited by 10
Psychological skills training and perfectionism: A single-subject multiple baseline study
Watson, D. R., Hill, A. P., & Madigan, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2022.2137597 · Cited by 9
Siegling, A. B., & Delaney, M. E. (2013) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2013.761083 · Cited by 10
Williams, H., & Vess, M. (2016) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236616646065 · Cited by 10
Addressing the Complexity of Perfectionism in Clinical Practice
Cheek, J., Kealy, D., Hewitt, P. L., Mikail, S. F., Flett, G. L., Ko, A., & Jia, M. (2018) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2018.46.4.457 · Cited by 10
Self-citationReinhardt, M., Tóth, L., & Kenneth, G. R. (2019) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2019.74.3.3 · Cited by 12
Dynamic‐relational treatment of perfectionism: An illustrative case study
Hewitt, P. L., Mikail, S. F., Dang, S. S., Kealy, D., & Flett, G. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23040 · Cited by 11
Self-citationDispositional Empathy and Emotional Intelligence in terms of Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts
Flores, M. D. P. A., Esteve-Faubel, J.-M., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Sanmartín, R., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2020.57 · Cited by 10
Molnar, D. S., Methot-Jones, T., Moore, J., O’Leary, D. D., & Wade, T. J. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00423-1 · Cited by 10
Pensées répétitives constructives et non constructives chez les perfectionnistes inadaptés
Douilliez, C., & Philippot, P. (2012) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2012.03.002 · Cited by 10
Diferencias individuales en estilos de personalidad y rendimiento en deportistas
García-Naveira, A. (2009) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 10
Reliability and validation of the Turkish adaptation of the mistake rumination scale
Kabadayı, F., & Mercan, O. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01972-5 · Cited by 9
PERFECCIONISMO Y ESQUEMAS DESADAPTATIVOS TEMPRANOS: UN ESTUDIO CON ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS
Caputto, I., Cordero, S., Keegan, E. G., & Arana, F. (2015) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v9i2.612 · Cited by 11
Perfectionistic Cognitions: Stability, Variability, and Changes Over Time
Prestele, E., & Altstötter–Gleich, C. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1418746 · Cited by 9
A Single-Session Universal Mental Health Promotion Program in Japanese Schools: A Pilot Study
三尾, 眞., & Matsumuto, Y. (2018) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.7157 · Cited by 9
Coach Burnout in Relation to Perfectionistic Cognitions and Self-Presentation
Hassmén, P., Lundkvist, E., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Gustafsson, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238812 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMindfulness in the middle school classroom
Doss, K. K., & Bloom, L. A. (2017) · Gifted Education International · doi:10.1177/0261429417716352 · Cited by 9
A meta-analysis of multidimensional perfectionism and impostor phenomenon
Hill, A. P., & Gotwals, J. K. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104639 · Cited by 9
Hill, A. P., & Donachie, T. C. (2019) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282919881075 · Cited by 8
Lo, A., Hunt, C. J., & Abbott, M. J. (2020) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2020.2 · Cited by 8
Ahmadi, A., & Fakhimi, S. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science · doi:10.1108/jcmars-01-2021-0001 · Cited by 8
Neshat, Z., Bijari, A. F., & Dehshiri, G. (2023) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-023-01163-z · Cited by 9
Read, D. J., Hill, A. P., Jowett, G. E., & Astill, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316674268 · Cited by 8
Scale development: Chinese Irrational Beliefs and Rational Attitude Scale
Chan, H. W. Q., & Sun, C. F. R. (2018) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.249 · Cited by 9
Hill, A. P., Burland, K., King, E. C., & Pitts, S. E. (2019) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735618824155 · Cited by 8
Biased interpretation in perfectionistic concerns: an experimental investigation
Howell, J. A., McEvoy, P. M., Grafton, B., Macleod, C., Kane, R. T., Anderson, R. A., & Egan, S. J. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1586888 · Cited by 7
Psychometric Properties of the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory in Ecuador
Flores, M. D. P. A., Vicent, M., Sanmartín, R., Gonzálvez, C., Freire-Andino, R. O., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165834 · Cited by 7
Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and cognitive flexibility in university students
Çutuk, Z. A. (2020) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v17i4.6090 · Cited by 11
Zeller, A. M., Lear, A., Post, E. G., McNulty, S., & Bentley, B. C. (2024) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381241228539 · Cited by 10
Simply the best? Bridging perfectionism in psychology and girlhood studies
Blackburn, M., Molnar, D. S., & Zinga, D. (2024) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2024.2392197 · Cited by 7
Karin, J., & Nordin‐Bates, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Dance Education · doi:10.1080/15290824.2018.1532572 · Cited by 7
Pierro, R. D., Sarno, M. D., Gargiulo, I., & Madeddu, F. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01054-y · Cited by 8
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Hall, P. A., & Lee‐Baggley, D. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109826 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMolnar, D. S., Moore, J., O’Leary, D. D., MacNeil, A. J., & Wade, T. J. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100211 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Behavioral Approaches
Palmer, S., & Williams, H. L. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118326459.ch17 · Cited by 7
Kocalar, H. E. (2019) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/hvwre · Cited by 7
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829241245460 · Cited by 7
Self-citationGoodwin, R. D., Garrett, L. E., & Block, A. P. (2025) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2023.0187 · Cited by 6
Atari, M., & Chegeni, R. (2017) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2017.1319915 · Cited by 6
Serious Leisure and Personality Dimensions in Club Sport Athletes
Hungenberg, E., & Gould, J. M. (2015) · The Sport Journal · doi:10.17682/sportjournal/2015.008 · Cited by 6
Manova, V., & Khoury, B. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221126799 · Cited by 8
Rose, A. L., Goldberg, J. O., Flett, G. L., Nepon, T. B., & Avi Besser, A. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s433211 · Cited by 6
Self-citationRevisión teórica sobre el perfil cognitivo del perfeccionismo desadaptativo
Chemisquy, S. N. (2018) · Apuntes Universitarios · doi:10.17162/au.v8i1.177 · Cited by 8
A Neuropsychological Investigation of Perfectionism
Robinson, A. D., & Amitai Abramovitch, A. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.09.002 · Cited by 8
Yosopov, L. (2020) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 6
Perfectionism Dimensions and Resistance to Peer Influences in Adolescence
Nanu, E., & Scheau, I. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.260 · Cited by 6
David, H. (2003) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.1260 · Cited by 6
Liu, L., & Chien, C. (2025) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2025.2528616 · Cited by 6
Esteve‐Faubel, R. P., Flores, M. D. P. A., Naya, V. C., & Esteve-Faubel, J.-M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733025 · Cited by 7
Prestele, E., Altstötter–Gleich, C., & Lischetzke, T. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2951 · Cited by 5
McKay, D., Gosselin, J. T., & Gupta, S. D. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044701-8/50012-7 · Cited by 5
Wang, Y., Wang, Y.-L., Misener, K., & Libben, M. R. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01550-9 · Cited by 5
Incorporating Dispositional Traits into the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
Zucker, N. L., Herzog, D. B., Moskovich, A. A., Merwin, R. M., & Lin, T. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_92 · Cited by 6
Hewitt, P. L., Ge, S. Y. J., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., Cheli, S., Molnar, D. S., Ko, A., Mikail, S. F., & Lang, T. (2024) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2024.2303429 · Cited by 6
Self-citation김소정, & 이승연 (2014) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.15.2.201404.729 · Cited by 4
Camadan, F., Kahveci, G., & Yavaş, T. (2013) · The Anthropologist · doi:10.1080/09720073.2013.11891355 · Cited by 4
Modèle théorique hypothétique du perfectionnisme des étudiants universitaires
Finn, K. (2017) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1039159ar · Cited by 7
Flores, M. D. P. A., Esteve-Faubel, J.-M., Esteve‐Faubel, R. P., & Granados, L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103488 · Cited by 4
EXAMINING THE CONSTRUCT OF PERFECTIONISM: A FACTOR-ANALYTIC STUDY
Stairs, A. M. (2009) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 4
Perfectionism and physical ill-health
Ofoghi, Z., & Beshārat, M. A. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.246 · Cited by 7
김병직, Lee, H., & Lee, D. (2012) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.13.2.201204.417 · Cited by 4
The light and dark sides of perfectionism : implications for health and well-being
Molnar, D. S. (2011) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 4
Whittaker, P. D. (2002) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 4
Exploring How Soccer Players With Perfectionism Navigate Challenges in Talent Pathways
Donachie, T. C., Mallinson‐Howard, S. H., Hill, A. P., & Tamminen, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2024-0166 · Cited by 3
Borgdorf, K. S. A., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Holt, D. V. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100870 · Cited by 4
Under Pressure: Teacher Perspectives and Understandings of Perfectionism Among Students
Molnar, D. S., Blackburn, M., Zinga, D., Tacuri, N., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2026) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312251412913 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPerfectionism shapes the way adolescents perceive family acceptance over time
Domocus, I. M., Damian, L. E., & Bengà, O. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211056563 · Cited by 3
Babaei, S., Dehghani, M., Lavasani, F. F., Ashouri, A., & Mohamadi, L. (2022) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2022.656 · Cited by 3
Erschens, R. S., Skrypski, I., Wietek, T. F., Herrmann‐Werner, A., Adam, S. H., Schröpel, C., Nikendei, C., Zipfel, S., & Junne, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1358173 · Cited by 4
Perfectionistic Cognitions, Self-Compassion, and Psychological Distress Among Veterinary Students
Karaffa, K. M., Hancock, T. S., & Sanford‐Martens, T. C. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2372721 · Cited by 3
When the creative well dries up–burnout syndrome and art block in artists’ sample
Głaziewicz, K., & Golonka, K. (2024) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101692 · Cited by 7
Investigating the negative link between perfectionism and emotional divergent thinking
Goulet‐Pelletier, J., Beaudin, M.-F., & Cousineau, D. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00330-x · Cited by 6
Mattes, A., Mück, M., & Stähl, J. (2022) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2022.3 · Cited by 3
Examining the relation between perfectionism and mind-wandering
Caron, E. E., Drody, A. C., Carriere, J. S. A., & Smilek, D. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104379 · Cited by 3
Profiles of Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts and Aggression
Flores, M. D. P. A., Vicent, M., Freire-Andino, R. O., Sanmartín, R., Gonzálvez, C., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211069519 · Cited by 3
Exploring Perfectionism, Rumination and Social Anxiety: Theoretical and Causal Implications
Brown, J. R. (2011) · Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University) · Cited by 3
Beshārat, M. A., & Kamali, Z. S. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.01.003 · Cited by 3
Lim, S.-Y., & Min, K.-W. (2017) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.18.3.201706.59 · Cited by 3
Perfiles de pensamientos automáticos perfeccionistas y diferencias en la viveza de imágenes mentales
Flores, M. D. P. A. (2020) · European Journal of Child Development Education and Psychopathology · doi:10.30552/ejpad.v8i1.133 · Cited by 3
Fernández‐Sogorb, A., Freire-Andino, R. O., Flores, M. D. P. A., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2021) · European journal of health research · doi:10.32457/ejhr.v7i1.1389 · Cited by 3
Testgüte einer deutschen Version des Mehrdimensionalen Perfektionismus Kognitions-Inventars (MPCI-G)
Prestele, E., & Altstötter–Gleich, C. (2018) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000211 · Cited by 3
Using reduced-processing training to improve decision efficiency among perfectionists
Liu, R. Y. M., Morrison, B. W., Wiggins, M. W., & Perry, N. C. (2021) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-021-00672-1 · Cited by 4
Hill, A. P. (2009) · University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire) · Cited by 3
Perfectionism and Its Relationship to Racial Identity, Satisfaction with Life, Stress and Coping
Heads, A. M. B. (2009) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 3
Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48581-8_77 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Gray, L.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1363-1381
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4240137468
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- psychological distress, perfectionism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Admission, Personality Inventory, Reference Values, Stress, Psychological, Thinking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
