A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In behaviour genetics research with over 300 same-sex twin pairs, procrastination and impulsivity were indistinguishable at the genetic level, suggesting a shared evolutionary development of the two traits.

“Indeed, in behaviour genetics research with over 300 same-sex twin pairs, procrastination and impulsivity were indistinguishable at the genetic level, suggesting a shared evolutionary development of the two traits (Gustavson et al., 2014).”

• cites Gustavson et al., 2014 sourceSupported

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In one study, perfectionistic concerns was associated with lower self-efficacy prior to task performance and decreases in self-efficacy after failure feedback, whereas perfectionistic strivings were positively associated with self-efficacy.

“For example, in one study perfectionistic concerns was associated with lower selfefficacy prior to task performance and decreases in self-efficacy after failure feedback, whereas perfectionistic strivings were positively associated with self-efficacy (Stoeber, Hutchfield, et al., 2008).”

• cites Stoeber, Hutchfield, et al., 2008 sourceSupported

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As a trait, procrastination involves some degree of impulsiveness, but the needless delay of intended actions that defines the expressed trait of procrastination cannot be wholly attributed to impulsivity.

“This evidence indicates that, as a trait, procrastination involves some degree of impulsiveness, but that the needless delay of intended actions that defines the expressed trait of procrastination cannot be wholly attributed to impulsivity.”

• cites Gustavson et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Current procrastination research is often criticized for focusing primarily on university student samples.

“Despite the fact that current procrastination research is often criticized for focusing primarily on university student samples (Beutel et al., 2016; Sirois & Pychyl, 2016a), research on the correlates of procrastination have tended to demonstrate that the effects found in community adult samples tend to be quite similar to those found in student samples (e.g., Sirois, 2016b).”

• cites Beutel et al., 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Sirois & Pychyl, 2016aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In general, I2 values of 25 percent reflect low heterogeneity, 50 percent reflect moderate heterogeneity, and 75 percent or more reflect high heterogeneity.

“In general, I 2 values of 25 percent reflect low heterogeneity, 50 percent reflect moderate heterogeneity, and 75 percent or more reflect high heterogeneity. (Viechtbauer, 2010).”

• cites Viechtbauer, 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The Random-effects model section (p. 14) explains that I² measures the percentage of variability attributable to heterogeneity, and the confidence-interval discussion (p. 14) describes a roughly 92% estimate as indicating considerable heterogeneity. Our copy does not give the claimed 25%, 50%, and 75% thresholds or their low, moderate, and high labels. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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In their behavioural genetics analysis, Gustavson and colleagues found that there was little shared variation between procrastination and impulsivity at the phenotypic and genotypic levels that was due to perfectionistic concerns, and concluded that perfectionism did not account for the procrastination-impulsivity relationship.

“in their behavioural genetics analysis of procrastination and impulsivity, Gustavson and colleagues (2014) found that there was little shared variation between procrastination and impulsivity at the phenotypic and gentotypic levels that was due to perfectionistic concerns (as measured by the concerns over mistakes and the parental criticisms subscales of the FMPS; (Frost et al., 1990), and concl”

• cites Gustavson et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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• cites Frost et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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This account of the role of negative self-evaluations in the expectancy-assessment process and subsequent self-regulation failure dovetails with the emotion regulation models of procrastination and with the proposed associations between negative affect and end-state thinking in perfectionistic concerns.

“This account of the role of negative self-evaluations in the expectancy-assessment process and subsequent self-regulation failure dovetails with the emotion regulation models of procrastination (Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Sirois & Pychyl, 2013), and with the proposed associations between negative affect and end-state thinking in perfectionistic concerns (Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray,”

• cites Pychyl & Sirois, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sirois & Pychyl, 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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For perfectionistic strivings, more optimistic views of one's ability to reduce the discrepancy during the expectancy-assessment process will result in continued effort and thus greater chance of successful goal regulation.

“For perfectionistic strivings, more optimistic views of one's ability to reduce this discrepancy during the expectancy-assessment process will result in continued effort (Eddington, 2013; Stoeber, Hutchfield, et al., 2008), and thus greater chance of successful goal regulation.”

• cites Eddington, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Stoeber, Hutchfield, et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that perfectionistic striving was associated with higher self-efficacy and aspirations, and with choosing a more difficult task after success. This supports the claim about optimistic views of ability, but the paper does not establish that an expectancy-assessment process leads to continued effort. The statement about a greater chance of successful goal regulation follows the citations and is not judged as attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Both trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are associated with low levels of mindfulness and self-compassion.

“given that both traits are associated with low levels of these two qualities (Sirois & Pascual-Leone, 2013; Sirois & Tosti, 2012; Wimberley, Mintz, & Suh, 2016).”

• cites Sirois & Pascual-Leone, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sirois & Tosti, 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Descriptive Statistics section reports that mindfulness measures were negatively associated with procrastination, supporting the trait-procrastination/low-mindfulness part of the claim. Our copy does not report an association involving perfectionistic concerns or measure self-compassion; its discussion of self-criticism does not establish the claimed self-compassion association. Page numbers were not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Wimberley, Mintz, & Suh, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Self-regulation failure via problems in managing setbacks and failures has been linked to perfectionism and procrastination individually within other domains, and may therefore also be relevant for understanding how perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings relate to procrastination within the health domain.

“Self-regulation failure via problems in managing setbacks and failures (i.e., the discrepancy between current and desired states) have been linked to perfectionism and procrastination individually within other domains (e.g., Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Sagar & Stoeber, 2009; Sirois et al., 2010), and may therefore also be relevant for understanding how perfectionistic concerns and perfectionist”

• cites Pychyl & Sirois, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sagar & Stoeber, 2009 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sirois et al., 2010 sourceSupported

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All effects did not vary by the trait procrastination measure used or the respondent's sex.

“All effects did not vary by the trait procrastination measure used or the respondent's sex.”

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For perfectionistic concerns, but not perfectionistic strivings, the effects depended on the perfectionism measure used.

“For perfectionistic concerns, but not perfectionistic strivings, the effects depended on the perfectionism measure used.”

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The effect sizes of procrastination with perfectionistic concerns varied significantly across the three different perfectionism measures, with studies that assessed perfectionistic concerns using the APSR having the largest effect sizes in comparison to studies that used FMPS or MPS-HF.

“As expected, the effects sizes of procrastination with perfectionistic concerns varied significantly across the three different perfectionism measures, with studies that assessed perfectionistic concerns using the APSR having the largest effect sizes in comparison to studies that used FMPS or MPS-HF.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The effects for procrastination and perfectionistic concerns were significantly larger in studies using community samples than in studies using student samples.

“However, the hypothesis that the effects with perfectionistic concerns would be consistent across samples was not supported, as the effects in the studies using community samples were significantly larger than those garnered from student samples.”

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The associations between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination were consistent across respondent sex for the raw correlations, b = .206 [-.09, .51], Qmodel (1) = 1.82, p = .18, Qresidual (41) = 34.98, p = .73, and the semi-partial correlations, b = .306 [-.02, .63], Qmodel (1) = 3.38, p = .07, Qresidual (30) = 31.29, p = .40.

“As expected, the meta-regression revealed that the associations between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination were consistent across respondent sex for the raw correlations, b = .206 [-.09, .51], Qmodel (1) = 1.82, p = .18, Qresidual (41) = 34.98, p = .73, and the semi-partial correlations, b = .306 [-.02, .63], Qmodel (1) = 3.38, p = .07, Qresidual (30) = 31.29, p = .40.”

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Egger's test of the intercept for procrastination and perfectionistic concerns was non-significant, b0 = -1.24 [-3.17, .69], t(41) = 1.29, p = .20, supporting a lack of publication bias.

“Egger's test of the intercept was also non-significant, b 0 = -1.24 [-3.17, .69], t (41) = 1.29, p = .20, further supporting a lack of publication bias.”

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Tests of heterogeneity of the semi-partial correlations for perfectionistic concerns, Qtotal (31) = 159.25, p < .001; I2 = 80.53%, and perfectionistic strivings, Qtotal (31) = 81.83, p < .001; I2 = 62.12%, were also significant.

“Tests of heterogeneity of the semi-partial correlations for perfectionistic concerns, Qtotal (31) = 159.25, p &lt; .001; I 2 = 80.53%, and perfectionistic strivings, Qtotal (31) = 81.83, p &lt; .001; I 2 = 62.12 %, were also significant.”

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Statistically accounting for the overlapping variance between perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, the average effect of procrastination with perfectionistic strivings remained negative and significant, and was larger by .017.

“Statistically accounting for the overlapping variance between perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, the average effect with procrastination remained negative and significant, and was larger by .017.”

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Supplemental analyses excluding studies using the doubts about actions, parental expectations, or parental criticism subscales of the FMPS and recoding remaining FMPS studies to the concern over mistakes subscale produced results that remained essentially the same for the overall meta-analysis of perfectionistic concerns and procrastination raw correlations, the semi-partial correlations, and the

“Overall, the results remained essentially the same for the overall meta-analysis of the perfectionistic concerns and procrastination raw correlations, the semi-partial correlations, and the perfectionistic strivings and procrastination semi-partial correlations.”

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The moderator analyses were nonsignificant for both the overall and semi-partial associations of trait procrastination and perfectionistic strivings when comparing effects from the authors' labs to other studies.

“The moderator analyses were nonsignificant for both the overall and semi-partial associations of trait procrastination and perfectionistic strivings (see supplemental Table 1).”

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The fail-safe N for perfectionistic strivings was 4,211, which exceeded the threshold of 205.

“The fail-safe N for perfectionistic strivings was 4,211, which exceeded the threshold of 205.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The effect sizes for procrastination and perfectionistic concerns were equivalent across the different procrastination scales used, for both the raw correlations and the semi-partial correlations.

“The hypothesis that the effect sizes would be equivalent across the different procrastination scales used was supported for both the subgroup analysis of the raw correlations, and the semi-partial correlations of perfectionistic concerns.”

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The funnel plot for procrastination and perfectionistic concerns showed no signs of asymmetry, and the trim and fill test resulted in no studies being trimmed, with identical obtained and imputed effects, r = .232 [.19, .27].

“The funnel plot (see supplemental Figure 1) showed no signs of asymmetry and the trim and fill test resulted in no studies being trimmed, and thus identical values for the obtained and imputed effects, r = .232 [.19, .27].”

May combine two claims.

For perfectionistic concerns, the moderator analysis was significant at p = .04 for the raw correlations, with the effects from the authors' labs being significantly larger than those from other studies.

“For perfectionistic concerns, the moderator analysis was significant at p = .04 for the raw correlations, with the effects from the authors' labs being significantly larger than those from other studies.”

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There were no sex-related differences concerning associations between perfectionistic strivings and procrastination, b = .118 [-.17, .41], Qmodel (1) = 0.64, p = .43, Qresidual (37) = 47.73, p = .11, or semi-partial correlations, b = .063 [-.17, .30], Qmodel (1) = 0.28, p = .60, Qresidual (30) = 35.41, p = .23.

“There were also no sex-related differences concerning associations between perfectionistic strivings and procrastination, b = .118 [-.17, .41], Qmodel (1) = 0.64, p = .43, Qresidual (37) = 47.73, p = .11, or semi-partial correlations, b = .063 [-.17, .30], Qmodel (1) = 0.28, p = .60, Qresidual (30) = 35.41, p = .23.”

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The tests of heterogeneity of the effect sizes were significant for both perfectionistic concerns, Qtotal (42) = 198.08, p < .001; I2 = 78.80%, and perfectionistic strivings, Qtotal (36) = 161.65, p < .001; I2 = 76.49%.

“The tests of heterogeneity of the effect sizes were significant for both perfectionistic concerns, Qtotal (42) = 198.08, p &lt; .001; I 2 = 78.80%, and perfectionistic strivings, Qtotal (36) = 161.65, p &lt; .001; I 2 = 76.49%.”

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After statistically accounting for the joint variance between perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (i.e., semi-partial correlations), the average effect size for procrastination and perfectionistic concerns remained positive and significant, and was larger by .025.

“After statistically accounting for the joint variance between perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (i.e., semi-partial correlations), the average effect size remained positive and significant, and was larger by .025.”

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For the adjusted, semi-partial correlations of perfectionistic concerns, the moderation analysis was non-significant, indicating that once the contribution of perfectionistic strivings was accounted for, the effects from the authors' labs were no longer different from those from other studies.

“However, for the adjusted, semi-partial correlations, the moderation analysis was non-significant, indicating that once the contribution of perfectionistic strivings were accounted for, the effects from studies in the authors' labs were no longer different from those from other studies (see supplemental Table 1).”

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The effects of trait procrastination with perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings were robust to the measure of trait procrastination used and the respondent's sex.

“Moderator analysis further confirmed that the effects of trait procrastination with perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings were robust to the measure of trait procrastination used and the respondent's sex”

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The association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns is moderated by lab origin (Q model = 4.39, p < .05), with studies from the authors' lab showing a stronger average correlation (.314) than other studies (.192).

“| Overall | 43 | 10,000 | .221 | [.18, .26] | 4.39* | 78.80 | 32 | 7,909 | .243 | [.20, .29] | 3.24 | 80.53 |”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Excluding studies that used the FMPS Parental Criticisms, Parental Concerns, and Doubts About Actions subscales, the association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns is moderated by perfectionism scale (Q model = 19.80, p < .01), with the APSR yielding a stronger average correlation (.333) than the MPS-HF (.172) or FMPS (.122).

“| Perfectionism scale | 35 | 8,531 | .268 | [.23, .31] | 19.80** | 80.49 | 29 | 7,601 | .310 | [.28, .34] | 16.94** | 76.64 |”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Excluding studies that used the PNPS, the association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns is moderated by sample type (Q model = 4.14, p < .05), with community samples showing a stronger average correlation (.314) than student samples (.215).

“| Sample | 40 | 9,675 | .238 | [.20, .28] | 4.14* | 79.81 | 29 | 7,584 | .257 | [.21, .30] | 3.00 | 81.99 |”

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Of the 16 unpublished data sets, only 9 had not been previously subjected to peer review, and of these, 7 were in preparation for submission for peer-review.

“Only 9 had not been previously subjected to peer review, and of these, 7 were in preparation for submission for peer-review.”

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The current meta-analysis confirms that trait procrastination is differentially associated with higher order perfectionism dimensions, such that there is a small sized positive association with perfectionistic concerns, and a small sized negative association with perfectionistic strivings.

“The current meta-analysis confirms that trait procrastination is differentially associated with higher order perfectionism dimensions, such that there is a small sized positive association with perfectionistic concerns, and a small sized negative association with perfectionistic strivings.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The set of studies retrieved for the meta-analysis is representative of all studies on procrastination and perfectionism.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The measures of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings used across the included studies are sufficiently comparable to be pooled in the meta-analysis.

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The association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns is moderated by sample type (Q model = 4.53, p < .05), with community samples showing a stronger average correlation (.314) than student samples (.212).

“| Sample | 43 | 10,000 | .233 | [.19, .27] | 4.53* | 78.80 | 32 | 7,909 | .252 | [.21, .30] | 3.26 | 80.53 |”

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The association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic strivings is moderated by publication status (Q model = 5.19, p < .05), with unpublished studies showing a stronger negative average correlation (-.248) than published studies (-.140).

“| Publication status | 39 | 9,544 | -.219 | [-.26, -.18] | 5.19* | 76.49 | 32 | 7,909 | -.261 | [-.29, -.23] | 2.71 | 62.12 |”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Excluding studies that used the FMPS Parental Criticisms, Parental Concerns, and Doubts About Actions subscales, the association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns is moderated by sample type (Q model = 3.97, p < .05), with community samples showing a stronger average correlation (.314) than student samples (.216).

“| Sample | 40 | 9,511 | .240 | [.20, .28] | 3.97* | 80.33 | 32 | 7,926 | .266 | [.23, .30] | 2.12 | 75.06 |”

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The association between trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns is moderated by the perfectionism scale used (Q model = 28.40, p < .01), with the APSR yielding a stronger average correlation (.333) than the MPS-HF (.172) or FMPS (.140).

“| Perfectionism scale | 36 | 8,737 | .243 | [.21, .28] | 28.40** | 80.49 | 26 | 7,146 | .314 | [.28, .35] | 16.41** | 78.45 |”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to the multidimensional view of perfectionism, two higher-order dimensions of trait perfectionism are commonly identified from the most frequently used and well-validated measures in the field.

“According to the multidimensional view of perfectionism, two higher-order dimensions of trait perfectionism are commonly identified from the most frequently used and well-validated measures in the field”

• cites P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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From a multi-dimensional perspective, trait procrastination is both positively and negatively associated with higher order perfectionism dimensions.

“Our findings confirm that from a multi-dimensional perspective, trait procrastination is both positively and negatively associated with higher order perfectionism dimensions”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Procrastination can be viewed along a spectrum ranging from a chronic pattern of behaviour that is akin to a relatively enduring personality-like trait that manifests across a range of life domains at one end, to a domain specific phenomena that manifests as unnecessary delay in specific contexts, such as academic life at the other end.

“Procrastination can be viewed along a spectrum ranging from a chronic pattern of behaviour that is akin to a relatively enduring personality-like trait that manifests across a range of life domains at one end, to a domain specific phenomena that manifests as unnecessary delay in specific contexts, such as academic life at the other end (Sirois, 2016a).”

• cites Sirois, 2016aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FMPS assesses perfectionistic concerns with four subscales: concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, parental criticism, and high parental expectations.

“For example, the FMPS (Frost et al., 1990) assesses perfectionistic concerns with 4 subscales, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, parental criticism, and high parental expectations (Frost, Heimberg, Holt, Mattia, &amp; Neubauer, 1993).”

• cites Frost et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Frost et al., 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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According to Cybernetic Big Five theory, the higher order personality factors, conscientiousness and (low) neuroticism, are two of three superordinate traits key for successful self-regulation, being subsumed under the meta-trait stability that is essential for shielding goals from the disruptive influence of impulses.

“According to Cybernetic Big Five theory (DeYoung, 2014, 2015), the higher order personality factors, conscientiousness and (low) neuroticism, are two of three superordinate traits key for successful self-regulation, being subsumed under the meta-trait stability that is essential for shielding goals from the disruptive influence of impulses.”

• cites DeYoung, 2014, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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There is little research into the potential differences in standards between perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, and what research there is tends to not support the position that they differ in standards.

“However, there is little research into the potential differences in standards between perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, and what research there is tends to not support this position.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The two key dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings) are generally viewed as separate, yet related factors that are often divergent with respect to consequential outcomes.

“As noted previously, the two key dimensions of perfectionism (i.e., perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings), are generally viewed as separate, yet related factors that are often divergent with respect to consequential outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When measured as a trait, procrastination shows good long-term stability, with a 10-year test-retest correlation of .77.

“Indeed, there is some evidence that when measured as a trait, procrastination shows good long-term stability, with a 10-year test-retest correlation of .77 (Steel, 2007).”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Procrastination is known to be negatively related to conscientiousness, whereas perfectionism can be viewed as being positively related to conscientiousness given its characteristic tendencies towards being organized.

“From this perspective, procrastination is known to be negatively related to conscientiousness (Steel, 2007; Van Eerde, 2003), whereas, perfectionism can be viewed as being positively related to conscientiousness given its characteristic tendencies towards being organized (Steel, 2010b).”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Eerde, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Steel, 2010bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns share commonalities with respect to constructs related to self-regulation, whereas trait procrastination and perfectionistic strivings show divergent relations.

“Table 1 provides an illustrative summary of how trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns share commonalities with respect to constructs related to self-regulation, whereas trait procrastination and perfectionistic strivings show divergent relations.”

May combine two claims.

Both procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are consistently linked to more maladaptive forms of coping such as disengagement and avoidance, which favor immediate needs over behaviour for meeting long-term goals.

“Both procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are consistently linked to more maladaptive forms of coping such as disengagement and avoidance, which favor immediate needs over behaviour for meeting long-term goals (see Table 1).”

• cites Table 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Negative self-evaluations can bias the expectancy-assessment process towards judging that one is not capable of reducing the perceived discrepancy between the desired and current states, and such thoughts may contribute to poor self-regulation.

“To the extent that negative self-evaluations can bias the expectancy-assessment process towards judging that one is not capable of reducing the perceived discrepancy between the desired and current states, such thoughts may contribute to poor self-regulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings are generally accepted as the two overarching dimensions of perfectionism.

“Although perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings are generally accepted as the two overarching dimensions of perfectionism (Sirois &amp; Molnar, 2016a), the way in which each is conceptualized and measured can vary considerably across different measures.”

• cites Sirois & Molnar, 2016aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The current evidence suggests that perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings perfectionists do not differ with respect to their referent points.

“However, the current evidence suggests that perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings perfectionists do not differ with respect to their referent points.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

It is important that perfectionism be examined as a multidimensional construct in relation to procrastination because the associations of each dimension with key outcomes are often in opposing directions, and could therefore yield attenuated or nonsignificant associations if perfectionism is viewed as a unidimensional construct.

“It is important that perfectionism be examined as a multidimensional construct in relation to procrastination because the associations of each dimension with key outcomes are often in opposing directions, and could therefore yield attenuated or nonsignificant associations if perfectionism is viewed as a unidimensional construct.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The shared associations of perfectionistic concerns and trait procrastination with negative self-evaluations are posited to incline people high on these traits to have unfavourable expectancies about being able to reduce discrepancy, which will result in disengaging from or abandoning their goal.

“The shared associations of perfectionistic concerns and trait procrastination with negative self-evaluations (e.g., self-criticism), are posited to incline people high on these traits to have unfavourable expectancies about being able to reduce discrepancy, which will result in disengaging from or abandoning their goal.”

May combine two claims.

In 2007, Steel conducted the first meta-analysis on the topic of procrastination, which included a sub-analysis of the relations of procrastination and perfectionism.

“In 2007, Steel conducted the first meta-analysis on the topic of procrastination, which included a sub-analysis of the relations of procrastination and perfectionism.”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The previous meta-analysis does not address the associations between multidimensional perfectionism and procrastination, making an update both prudent and necessary.

“For these reasons, the previous meta-analysis does not address the associations between multidimensional perfectionism and procrastination, making an update both prudent and necessary.”

May combine two claims.

Current evidence generally supports the proposition that both trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are associated with fewer perceived resources for self-regulation and negative self-evaluations, whereas perfectionistic strivings is associated with greater perceived resources, and high self-efficacy.

“Current evidence generally supports this proposition, as both trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are associated with fewer perceived resources for self-regulation and negative self-evaluations, whereas perfectionistic strivings is associated with greater perceived resources, and high self-efficacy.”

May combine two claims.

Procrastination and perfectionistic concerns show consistent links to self-regulation constructs associated with negative affect, whereas perfectionistic strivings has a more inconsistent and negative pattern of associations with these constructs.

“As outlined in Table 1, procrastination and perfectionistic concerns show consistent links to self-regulation constructs associated with negative affect, whereas perfectionistic strivings has a more inconsistent and negative pattern of associations with these constructs.”

• cites Table 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Similar differential relations have been noted with goal-related optimism, with perfectionistic concerns linked to less optimism about goal success, whereas perfectionistic strivings was linked to greater optimism about goal success.

“Similar differential relations have been noted with goal-related optimism, with perfectionistic concerns linked to less optimism about goal success, whereas perfectionistic strivings was linked to greater optimism about goal success (Eddington, 2013).”

• cites Eddington, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The MPS-HF and the APSR, revised, each assesses perfectionistic concerns with one subscale: socially-prescribed perfectionism (SPP) for the MPS-HF, and discrepancy for the APSR.

“In contrast, the MPS-HF (P. L. Hewitt &amp; Flett, 1991) and the APSR (Slaney et al., 2001), revised, each assesses perfectionistic concerns with one subscale, socially-prescribed perfectionism (SPP) for the MPS-HF, and discrepancy, for the APSR.”

• cites P. L. Hewitt & Flett, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Slaney et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The evidence on self-regulation is primarily descriptive and does not provide clear insights into the self-regulatory mechanisms that might explain the potential convergent and divergent relations between procrastination and perfectionism.

“Nonetheless this evidence is primarily descriptive and does not provide clear insights into the self-regulatory mechanisms that might explain the potential convergent and divergent relations between procrastination and perfectionism.”

May combine two claims.

Consistent support for a multidimensional model of trait perfectionism has been garnered from behaviour genetics research with a sample of 1,022 twin pairs and from studies establishing that the different dimensions of perfectionism are differentially related to a wide range of consequential outcomes.

“Consistent support for a multidimensional model of trait perfectionism has been garnered not only from behaviour genetics research with a sample of 1,022 twin pairs (Tozzi et al., 2004), but also from studies which have established that the different dimensions of perfectionism are differentially related to a wide range of consequential outcomes.”

• cites Tozzi et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such studies were categorized as reflecting the construct fear of failure and grouped with studies using measures of evaluation anxiety, self-consciousness, and fear of failure (k = 57).

“Instead, such studies were categorized as reflecting the construct fear of failure and grouped with studies using measures of evaluation anxiety, self-consciousness, and fear of failure ( k = 57; Steel, 2007).”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Socially prescribed perfectionism on its own was weakly related to procrastination (r = .18).

“Although it was noted that socially prescribed perfectionism on its own was weakly related to procrastination ( r = .18)”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The conclusion that procrastination is negatively, if at all, related to perfectionism was based on the average negative correlation reported for perfectionism as assessed by self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism (r = -.03), suggesting that socially prescribed perfectionism (or perfectionistic concerns as the higher order dimension) was not conceptualised as part of the perfectionism构造.

“The conclusion that procrastination is negatively, if at all, related to perfectionism (Steel, 2007; 2010b), was based on the average negative correlation reported for perfectionism as assessed by selforiented and other-oriented perfectionism ( r = -.03), suggesting that socially prescribed perfectionism (or perfectionistic concerns as the higher order dimension) was not conceptualised as part of”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Steel, 2010bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Given the subjective nature of perceptions and expectancies, individual differences should play a pivotal role in both the assessment of resources, and subsequent expectancies for being able to reduce (or increase) the discrepancy between the current and desired states.

“Given the subjective nature of perceptions and expectancies, individual differences should play a pivotal role in both the assessment of resources, and subsequent expectancies for being able to reduce (or increase) the discrepancy between the current and desired states.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Cohen's guidelines, effects of r = .10 are considered small, r = .30 medium, and r = .50 large.

“According to Cohen's (1992) guidelines, effects of r = .10 are considered to be small, r = .30 to be medium, and r = .50 to be large.”

• cites Cohen's (1992) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The discrepancy subscale of the APSR taps more directly into the self-regulation expectancy-assessment proposed to link trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns.

“In addition, the discrepancy subscale of the APSR taps more directly into the self-regulation expectancy-assessment proposed to link trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns.”

May combine two claims.

Both the MPS-HF and the APSR appear to adequately assess perfectionistic strivings.

“For example, both the MPS-HF and the APSR appear to adequately assess perfectionistic strivings (R. W. Hill, McIntire, &amp; Bacharach, 1997; Molnar, Sadava, Flett, &amp; Colautti, 2012).”

• cites R. W. Hill, McIntire, & Bacharach, 1997Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Molnar, Sadava, Flett, & Colautti, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All coding of effects was performed independently by two of the authors who conduct research regularly on procrastination and/or perfectionism.

“All coding of effects was performed independently by two of the authors who conduct research regularly on procrastination and/or perfectionism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is less empirical evidence regarding the equivalencies of different measures of chronic or trait procrastination.

“There is less empirical evidence regarding the equivalencies of different measures of chronic or trait procrastination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When used in tandem and there is consensus among the results, multiple approaches can help reduce Type 1 error in assessing publication bias.

“When used in tandem and there is consensus among the results, these multiple approaches can help reduce Type 1 error in assessing publication bias (Card, 2012; Ferguson &amp; Brannick, 2012).”

• cites Card, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ferguson & Brannick, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The agreement rate from the double coding was high (98 percent), with only one discrepancy, which was settled through discussion.

“The agreement rate from the double coding was high (98 percent), with only one discrepancy, which was settled through discussion.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lay's General Procrastination scale focuses on procrastination as a tendency across a wider range of settings.

“Lay's (1986) General Procrastination scale focuses on procrastination as a tendency across a wider range of settings.”

• cites Lay, 1986 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To the extent that self-report measures of perfectionism and procrastination include items with overlapping content, associations between these constructs may be artificially inflated.

“To the extent that self-report measures of perfectionism and procrastination include items with overlapping content, associations between these constructs may be artificially inflated.”

May combine two claims.

This is a particularly salient issue when examining correlates and outcomes of perfectionistic strivings, in which raw correlations often illustrate mixed findings whereas semi-partial correlations often reveal relatively more positive aspects of perfectionistic strivings.

“This is a particularly salient issue when examining correlates and outcomes of perfectionistic strivings in which raw correlations often illustrate mixed findings whereas semi-partial correlations often reveal relatively more positive aspects of perfectionistic strivings (Stoeber &amp; Otto, 2006).”

• cites Stoeber & Otto, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The TPS and API were specifically developed and designed to test procrastination as a characteristic way of behaving in academic settings, and have been used most frequently with student populations.

“However, the latter two were specifically developed and designed to test procrastination as a characteristic way of behaving in academic settings, and have been used most frequently with student populations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Research on procrastination, perfectionism and their correlates has burgeoned in recent years, indicating that an update is timely and important to gain current insights into the nomological networks of each.

“Research on procrastination, perfectionism and their correlates has burgeoned in recent years indicating that such an update is both timely and important to gain current insights into the nomological networks of each (Cumming, 2014).”

• cites Cumming, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The previous meta-analysis did not take a multidimensional view of perfectionism, making it difficult to draw accurate conclusions about the ways in which trait procrastination is related to widely accepted major dimensions of perfectionism.

“More importantly, the previous meta-analysis did not take a multidimensional view of perfectionism (Steel, 2007), making it difficult to draw accurate conclusions about the ways in which trait procrastination is related to widelyaccepted major dimensions of perfectionism.”

• cites Steel, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Trait procrastination and perfectionism are each known to have consequences for academic performance.

“Trait procrastination and perfectionism are each known to have consequences for academic performance (e.g., Rice, Richardson, &amp; Ray, 2016; Solomon &amp; Rothblum, 1984).”

• cites Rice, Richardson, & Ray, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Solomon & Rothblum, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The current meta-analysis examined a much larger sample of studies than the Steel (2007) meta-analysis, including 44 studies (N = 10,454) for trait procrastination, compared to 24 studies (N = 3,884) in the 2007 meta-analysis.

“We also examined a much larger sample of studies than the Steel (2007) meta-analysis, including 44 studies ( N = 10,454) for trait procrastination, compared to 24 studies ( N = 3,884) in the 2007 meta-analysis.”

• cites Steel (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Perfectionistic strivings was consistently related to all components of reward sensitivity (BAS), but was also associated with the BIS, whereas perfectionistic concerns was linked to the BIS and the impulsivity component of the BAS.

“Although perfectionistic strivings was consistently related to all components of reward sensitivity (BAS), it was also associated with the BIS, whereas perfectionistic concerns was linked to the BIS, and the impulsivity component of the BAS (Stoeber &amp; Corr, 2015).”

• cites Stoeber & Corr, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings have been differentially associated with approach and avoidance behavior.

“perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings have been differentially associated with approach and avoidance behavior.”

• cites Slade & Owens, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

From this self-regulation perspective, the findings from the current meta-analysis indicate that perfectionistic concerns can be detrimental for achieving goals, whereas perfectionistic strivings may have some benefits.

“From this self-regulation perspective, the findings from the current meta-analysis indicate that perfectionistic concerns can be detrimental for achieving goals, whereas perfectionistic strivings may have some benefits.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The self-regulation framework's proposed mechanisms (negative self-evaluations and expectancy-assessment) are valid for explaining the procrastination-perfectionism associations.

May combine two claims.

The current findings contribute to the debate about perfectionism in the extant literature, which suggests that some forms and foci of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings) may be beneficial, whereas other manifestations (perfectionistic concerns) are generally deleterious.

“Consequently, the current findings contribute to the debate about perfectionism in the extant literature, which suggests that some forms and foci of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings) may be beneficial (e.g., Stoeber &amp; Corr, 2016), whereas other manifestations (perfectionistic concerns) are generally deleterious (e.g., Sirois &amp; Molnar, 2016a).”

• cites Stoeber & Corr, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sirois & Molnar, 2016aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The interaction of perfectionism and procrastination within the health domain is understudied, despite the fact that each is well-known to have consequences for health and well-being.

“The interaction of perfectionism and procrastination within the health domain is also understudied, despite the fact that each is well-known to have consequences for health and well-being (e.g., Sirois &amp; Molnar, 2016b; Sirois &amp; Pychyl, 2016b).”

• cites Sirois & Molnar, 2016bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sirois & Pychyl, 2016bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are associated with tendencies to perceive oneself as being less capable of reducing the discrepancy between desired and current states that is central to taking timely, goal-directed action.

“As noted previously, both trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are associated with tendencies to perceive oneself as being less capable of reducing the discrepancy between desired and current states that is central to taking timely, goal-directed action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The increased numbers reflect the growth in research into perfectionism and procrastination since the meta-analysis conducted in 2007.

“These increased numbers reflect the growth in research into perfectionism and procrastination since the meta-analysis conducted in 2007.”

May combine two claims.

When goals are routinely set too high, this creates a greater discrepancy between current and desired states, which, when coupled with enduring tendencies to view success as being less likely, can contribute to goal withdrawal.

“For example, when goals are routinely set too high, this creates a greater discrepancy between current and desired states, which, when coupled with enduring tendencies to view success as being less likely, can contribute to goal withdrawal (Carver &amp; Scheier, 1982).”

• cites Carver & Scheier, 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

According to Control Theory, perceiving oneself as less capable of reducing the discrepancy can result in avoidance or withdrawal from the goal, or continued effort with less enthusiasm or intensity and thus less chance of success.

“According to Control Theory (Carver &amp; Scheier, 1982), this can result in avoidance or withdrawal from the goal, which may or may not be resumed at a later time, or continued effort, albeit with less enthusiasm or intensity, and thus less chance of success.”

• cites Carver & Scheier, 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to the dual process model of perfectionism, individuals with high levels of perfectionistic strivings are driven by the pursuit of success, whereas individuals with high levels of perfectionistic concerns are motivated by a fear of failure.

“according to this 'dual process model' of perfectionism (Slade &amp; Owens, 1998), individuals with high levels of perfectionistic strivings are driven by the pursuit of success, whereas individuals with high levels of perfectionistic concerns are motivated by a fear of failure.”

• cites Slade & Owens, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Taking a multi-dimensional view of perfectionism provided a more accurate assessment of the differential associations of trait procrastination with perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, associations which were likely obscured in the previous meta-analysis.

“Taking a multi-dimensional view of perfectionism provided a more accurate assessment of the differential associations of trait procrastination with perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, associations which were likely obscured in the previous meta-analysis.”

May combine two claims.

Both procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are linked to increased stress in response to self-regulation failures, which can further compromise health.

“Both procrastination and perfectionistic concerns are also linked to increased stress in response to self-regulation failures (Dunkley, Solomon-Krakus, &amp; Moroz, 2016; Sirois, 2016b), which can further compromise health.”

• cites Dunkley, Solomon-Krakus, & Moroz, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sirois, 2016bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Perfectionism can also be viewed as the frequency with which automatic perfectionistic thoughts are experienced, and as a self-presentation style characterized by defensive self-concealment.

“perfectionism can also be viewed as the frequency with which automatic perfectionistic thoughts are experienced (e.g., Perfectionistic Cognitions Inventory (PCI); Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein &amp; Gray, 1998), and as a self-presentation style characterized by defensive selfconcealment (e.g., Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS); Hewitt et al., 2003).”

• cites Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein & Gray, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hewitt et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The findings should be considered in light of the large number of unpublished studies and data sets included in the meta-analysis.

“The findings should also be considered in light of the large number of unpublished studies and data sets included in the meta-analysis.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The research included in the current meta-analysis viewed perfectionism as a broad, multidimensional personality trait.

“The research included in the current meta-analysis viewed perfectionism as a broad, multidimensional personality trait.”

May combine two claims.

When viewed from the perspective of Control theory, these findings indicate that trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns may be characterized by similar negative self-evaluation tendencies that interfere with effective self-regulation and goal achievement, whereas perfectionistic strivings may have some benefits for timely goal achievement.

“When viewed from the perspective of Control theory (Carver &amp; Scheier, 1982), these findings indicate that trait procrastination and perfectionistic concerns may be characterized by similar negative self-evaluation tendencies that interfere with effective self-regulation and goal achievement, whereas perfectionistic strivings may have some benefits for timely goal achievement.”

• cites Carver & Scheier, 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The self-regulation framework's proposed mechanisms (negative self-evaluations and expectancy-assessment) are valid for explaining the procrastination-perfectionism associations.

May combine two claims.

All of the data from the unpublished studies was collected from cross-sectional studies or taken from the cross-sectional, pre-experimental baseline component of a study, and used well-validated and accepted measures of the key constructs.

“all of the data from the unpublished studies was collected from cross-sectional studies or taken from the cross-sectional, pre-experimental baseline component of a study, and used well-validated and accepted measures of the key constructs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The cross-sectional data from the included studies can support the meta-analytic associations without causal inference.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Research examining how alternative conceptualizations of perfectionism and procrastination relate is scarce.

“Research examining how alternative conceptualizations of perfectionism and procrastination relate is scarce”

May combine two claims.

Currently, self-efficacy and impulsivity are rarely included in research examining the procrastination-perfectionism relationship, and so it was not possible to formally test the contribution of these traits.

“Currently, however, self-efficacy and impulsivity are rarely included in research examining the procrastination-perfectionism relationship, and so it was not possible to formally test the contribution of these traits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Researchers have proposed cognitive construals of procrastination, such as procrastinatory cognitions, which reflect automatic negative thoughts related to procrastination that are important for understanding the cognitive-behavioral aspects of procrastination.

“Similarly, researchers have proposed cognitive construals of procrastination, such as procrastinatory cognitions, which reflect automatic negative thoughts related to procrastination that are important for understanding the cognitive-behavioral aspects of procrastination (Flett, Stainton, Hewitt, Sherry, &amp; Lay, 2012; Stainton, Lay, &amp; Flett, 2000).”

• cites Flett, Stainton, Hewitt, Sherry, & Lay, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Stainton, Lay, & Flett, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.